Microwave power transmission using rectenna

Micro ruffle world power transmitting development rectennaAbstractmicrowave power transmission using rectennaA high economic rectanna was introduction and tested at 5.8GHz frequency, which is utilisation to power up performances. Patch transmitting aerial expend with a depressed return imprint simulated in ADS. The micro-strip tour is a good practice for manufacturing physical antenna, as it ordain be easy to fabricate. The shapeed small-arm antenna surrender been employed in a 22 and 14 triangular antenna array so that the power and gain groundwork be change magnitude. The patch antenna captures the RF none and thus fall in through 50 ohm banquet line into the let out give out drop and then into the rectifying circuit giving DC power. A low pass leach at 5.8 GHz was constructed. The diode utilize for the rectifying circuit is HSMS 2862 or HSMS 2080 schottky. A comparison analysis has been done between different designs of antenna. The results compared and topper possible DC voltage was achieved in ADS exemplar.ADS results achieved by simulating the designs for antennas, low pass filters and rectifying circuits were efficient. The designs were manufactured. The result generated from the physical antenna and the simulation is studied.Chapter 11 IntroductionAs the technology is growing the world is now moving toward radio set power. We heap see that now days e reallyone prefers to map a wireless mouse or a wireless headphone. The use of batteries can make this possible but the problem is that too many batteries are macrocosm apply and there has to be a way by which these applications can run wirelessly and the best turng would be if the batteries were not used. How can this be possible? This is the problem which we leave emphasise to solve in the design. The rectanna used entrust convert the RF power into dc emblem and instead of batteries the application get out take for a rectanna to commence the power. therefore we or dain exact a true wireless remains, which has no wires and no batteries. Although we have to agree that may be so power exit not be produced by these rectanna but still as the technology growth, the rectanna manufacturing will besides be improved.The word rectenna as we get laid today was commencement introduced by Brown 4. The basic concept of rectanna is a rectifying antenna. In other word an antenna which will be used for receiving RF signal and a rectifying circuit which is used to own us DC power. Personally I view rectanna as a wireless battery, which is a very alter cunning. tuner power transmission (WPT) can be viewed as an electrical grid which generates power. WPT is the technology which is used for wireless transmission of power, this will be used in future for solar power satellites 4. Let me explain the concept in level. As the satellites are orbiting around the earth 24 hour and the satellites have the capability to convert the solar power into RF signals a nd then beam those RF signal to the earth. Array of antennas will be used to capture those RF signals and the rectifying circuits to convert those into DC power. If sufficient amount of array antennas are used, a lot of power can be produced. The electrical power station would be viewed as RECTANNA stations where RF signal would be converted into DC power.1.1 History of Microwave Power TransmissionTesla was the first person who introduced the idea of wireless power transmission. Tesla was not up to(p) to produce power with the RF signal because the transmitted power got diffused in all the direction with 140 kHz radio signal 4.The problem faced by Tesla was overcome, by the fact that higher RF frequency has greater directivity and so the power can be transmitted in a particular direction. Radar technology used in world-war 2 was also very helpful in go the growth of wireless power. In the early 1960s W.C. Brown used that latest technology to produce wireless power for the first t ime. The word Rectanna which we use today was first developed by W.C. Brown. He used an antenna with a rectifying circuit to produce power. The conversion was very good. Based on browns question work, where P.E. Glaser in 1968 introduced a solar power satellite 4 3.1.2 ObjectivesThe object of this thesis is to design a rectanna which will be able to receive microwave cogency at 5.8 GHz and then converting that signal to DC power. This thesis will also help to provide a new ways of exploring dynamism re generators.A secondary objective is to reduce the return divergencees so that maximum output can be achieved.A comparison analysis is done between series and parallel conformation of the 5.8ghz antenna.1.2.1 Scope of thesisPerform a good and comprehensive literary productions review so that all the concepts of RF electronics could be understood.Understand different antenna designs and test them to get the best possible result.Simulating and creating a functional micro-strip patc h antenna design suitable for the rectenna frequency of act of 5.8 GHz. digiting, simulating and creating the rectifier circuit.1.3 Thesis OutlineThe thesis was completed in two semesters. Each a certain number task must be completed.Semester 1 Involves literature review of patch antenna, low pass filter and rectifier. The array of antenna design will also be taken under consideration and will be tested and simulated in ADS software and a proto face of 44 circular and triangular patch antenna will be get up for testing purpose.Semester IIntroduction to the topicFinding the research papers and resourcesLiterature reviewDesign proposalSimulation in ADSOperational body in ADSPrototype for testingSemester 2 The 2nd semester was utilized to make better designs and operation of antennas. Rectifying circuit will be improved as well. An application will be tested, so that the patch antenna can be used to power a small application.Semester IITweaking of the designMaking formation efficie ntMeasurements and resultsComparison analysis of designDocumentation and net reportChapter 22 Introduction To Literature Review This section outlines brief possible action of micro-strip patch antennas .. The library resources were used extensively and the journals related to the power transmission using rectanna were studied in detail. The articles were used to get idea most the design as well as methods of adapting the microwave techniques.2.1 MotivationThe possibility of transferring power wirelessly can open up infinite applications. The fact that wireless application will not be powered by the batteries but instead use RF signal to generate the power is so extraordinary that everyone would want to be a part of the technology.The idea of using the solar space satellites to create power is not very new. It was first presented in 1968 by Peter E. Glaser 4 3.The knowl pass on base of wireless power is not only limited to power generation by satellites but in fact it can be used in daily electronics, such as a wireless headphone, wireless keyboard, wireless mouse and even in wireless small motors. This research will give me a glimpse of future technologies that lies ahead of us.2.2 What I Want to AchieveAt the end of this thesis I hope to have a rectenna which will convert RF signals into DC power and that DC power will be used for any selected application.2.3 Important Points About AntennaAn antenna is device which is made so that it can radiate and receive radiating power from the electromagnetic wave. at that place are whatever important points that we need to know about antenna before proceeding towards the main antenna design.2.3.1 Antenna gain The ratio of input power to the output power is called antenna gain.2.3.2 Directivity The belongings of antenna to radiate electromagnetic waves in a particular direction is called directivity. If the electromagnetic waves are concentrated in a particular direction then we can that antenna has good directivi ty. Directivity and gain are related to each other by the following design. Gain = efficiency/Directivity.2.3.3 Polarization The phenomena of polarisation can be understand as the orientation of electromagnetic waves at distance from the source. The polarization types have been show in the table infra.2.3.4 Impedance twinned The energy transfer can only be possible if the antenna and the transmission lines are matched. Typically 50 ohm resistivity is used for the radio. If the antenna is not match then the input power or the output power will be reflected back. As a result power will be lost and desired results will not be achieved.2.3.5 VSWR and the Reflected power of antenna The voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) is a parameter, which tells us that how good the resistance match is done. A VSWR of 21 is considered good. Most of the antennas which are built have a VSWR of 1.51.Chapter 33 Rectenna design3.1 Introduction to rectennaThe above plot shows a basic design of a recta nna. The antenna receives the RF signals. The signal is passed to the low pass filter by a transmission line which has an impedance of 50 ohm. The low pass filter will filter the desired frequency so that unwanted frequency does not go through the rectifying circuit. The low pass filter is also used to stop the harmonics reflected back from the diode. The rectifying circuit is used in double conformity. The double configuration is used so that maximum RF signal can be converted into DC power. Schottky diodes will be used in the rectification process as they have low voltage drop across it.The overall efficiency of the rectanna can be determined by ?= PdcPinc, Pdc is the DC output power. Pinc is the Incident RF power3.2 operating(a) frequencyThe most common frequency used is 2.45GHz and 5.8GHz. The directivity of antenna is more at 5.8GHz. Over all a lot of applications are acquirable at these frequencies.3.3 Substrate MaterialTaconic TLX-0 was used for the physical design of the a ntennas. It has the following propertiesH = 0.787 mm(height)T = 17 mer= 2.45TanD = 0.0019Taconic TLX-0 laminate are low loss antennas.83.4 Design SpecificationsChapter 44 Array Antennas and Design4.1 Introduction to Array Antennas and DesignIn this section is related with the antenna design in detail and the array antenna design for achieving greater power.4.2 Micro-strip Patch AntennaThe patch antenna is triangular. It has 3 layers. The bottom layer is the ground, middle is the nonconductor substrate and the f number layer which is made up of copper or gold.As you can see in the enrol, the 3 layer are shown. The patch antenna radiates because of the fringing handle between the ground and the patch. For good performance the thick dielectric should be used with a low dielectric constant 13. As the design does not allow us to use a thick dielectric, otherwise the size of it of the antenna would be very big, so in our design a thin dielectric with high dielectric constant would be used.A micro strip antenna has some advantages and some drawback. Some of the advantages and drawbacks are given in the table.ADVANTAGES OF MICROSTRIP ANTENNALight weight and have low volume with low profile.Fabrication cost is low, easily manufactured in big quantities.Circular and unidimensional polarizations can be made in them.Dual frequency and dual-polarization is also possible with this.Microwave integrated circuits can be integrated with them as well.The antenna structure can be fabricated with Feed lines and matching intercommunicates within.Figure 7 Advantages of microstripDISADVANTAGES OF MICROSTRIP ANTENNABandwidth NarrowLower gainLarge losses with the feed structure.Cannot be high power handling capacityFigure 8 Disadvantages of microstrip4.3 Feed TechniqueThere are two types of feeding techniquesContacting In this type feed web the RF signal is feed directly into the patch antenna.Non contacting In this configuration electromagnetic field coupling occurs due to tra nsfer of energy between the line of mirco-strip and the patch.4.3.1 Micro-strip Line FeedAs you can see in the figure the simplest way of having a feed line is to attach a transmission line feed with the edge of the antenna. This feed line technique is very useful as the feed line and the antenna are twain on the same plane. The structure is on the same surface and area is also reduced. It has a better utility as now the antenna (with the feed line) can be place in numerous applications.The thickness of the feed line determines the impedance of the line.4.4 ANALYSIS4.4.1 Triangular patch antenna As we know that lots of work have been on rectangular patch antennas and the circular patch but for my design I will be using a triangular patch so that the radiation pattern and the return losses can be studied. The size of the triangular patch is smaller than the rectangular patch, so a a lot more efficient design. The design formulas are, in the later sections of the report.4.4.2 Design specifications4.4.2.1 TRANMISSION LINE MODEL In my design I have used the transmission line warning to develop the concepts and theory behind the triangular patch antennas the equilateral triangular patch was also design using the transmission model.Resonant frequencyThe resonant frequency is given by 14fr=ckmn2pEr =2c3aEr(m2 +mn+n2)1/2 1In the above equation c is the upper of the light in the free space. Er is the dielectric constant and K(mn) are the different modes of harmonic order. The lowest order resonant frequency given by 14fr=2c 3aEr2The effect of fringing field was not consideration in the above equation. The fringing field occurs at the antenna patch edge. In our case the fringing field will occur at the edge sides of the equilateral triangle. The fringing fields are depended on the physical dimension of the triangular patch and the height of the substrate material. The figure below shows the field lines of a micro-strip antenna. The maximum amount of field lines are going into the substrate and some of them are in the air. The side of a patch is increased due to the fringing field effect. The side length of a triangular patch antenna will no longer will be the same as we have to take account of the effective dielectric constant Ee. The modified equations are given below.The equation above does not take given very accurate results, as it does not consider the fringing fields produced by the antennas. The Er in equation (1) and (2) can be replaced by effective dielectric constant. The dielectric constant given by 14Ee=Er+12+Er-14(1+12h/a)-12 3Similarly the a can be replaced by aeff (effective). The value of the aeff (effective) given by 14aeff=a+hEr -4Where h is the height of the materialThus equation 2 can be replaced with the effective value of aeff and Ee giving us the final equation given by 14fr=2c 3aeffEe54.4.3 Excitation technique4.4.3.1 Micro-strip feedThe location of feed point is determined according to dimension of the antenna. Once we have calculated the accurate dimension of the antenna then we have to connect it with a 50ohm transmission line. In my design I will be using the center fed for the patch antenna. There are two ways to do this. The first is using a quarter wave transformer and the 2nd is to use the inset model.4.4.3.2 INSET MODELA triangular patch antenna was designed using the inset model. The advantage of using the inset model is that the size of the antenna reduces as compared to the quarter wave transformer design 14.The length of the triangular patch is d. the length of transmission patch is l and the width of the transmission patch is w. the width and length of transmission patch if design do that a 50ohm impedance can be achieved.4.4.3.3 Quarter Wavelength TransformerThe quarter wave transformer is a system which is used to match the impedance. As we know that the resistance Rin of the antenna will not matched with the feed line which has a impedance of 50 ohm. A formula is used to calculate the impedance of the quarter wave transformer.4.5 Antenna designThe calculation for different antennas was designed in ADS. And the result will be shown in much detail the later sections of the report. The operating frequency is 5.8GHz. The result show in the table below is for triangular patch.4.6 Introduction to Array theoryThe sphere of the system can be increased by array of antennas which are working together and the focus of the reception or transmission of energy also increase in a particular direction10.The antenna in an array can be manufactured on a micro-strip with a feed network and a power divider. There are two kinds of feed network in array antennasSingle line(series feed network)Multiple feed networkThe series-feed network in an array of antennas is limited with a fixed beam13. We can see that series feed is easy to manufacture as it has the same configuration which repeats. There is a major disadvantage, any change to a single element can affect the remaining elem ents.The antenna elements are fed by a 1 to N (in corporate network).The power divider network has a identical path lengths to all the elements, from the feed point 13. The phase of the element can be controlled in the corporate network with the help of phase shifters. Amplifier can be used to fix the amplitude 13.4.6.1 The Array FactorThe array constituent depends onNumber of elementsElement placesAmplitudeExcitation phase which is applied to each elements within the array4.6.2 Array designAs we see in the previous section that that array design is deeply affected by the element of spacing, so for 5.8 GHZ antenna the wavelength is 51.72mm, based on these factors the element spacing for 5.8GHZ antenna the element spacing should be 38.79mm.We can see that the element spacing is 0.75 % of the given wavelength.As we can see in the below figure that the quarter transformer is matched with antenna which has a impedance of 100ohm. The 100ohm line are combined together and gives a result ing impedance of 50ohm at the meeting point of the line. In the final stage the two 100ohm lines are combined to give a 50ohm impedance which is same for a feed line.4.6.3 Metering of CornersIn our design we are using a microstrip. So with the mircostrip antennas, the 90% angle at any corner can cause large reflection from the 90% degree angle. So a smooth edge has to be made, so that there are no reflection losses. To reduce the reflection factor the edges are metered at the corner so that there is a smooth flow of current. A equation can be used to metered the corners which is given by the equation below.4.7 Simulation results in ADS4.7.1 Single triangular patch4.7.1.1 Single triangular patch 4.7.2 Single patch with inset model4.7.2.1 Single patch with inset model4.7.3 2X2 triangular patch with inset model4.7.4 14 linear triangular patch4.7.5 Single patch with quarter wave transformer4.7.6 22 triangular patch with quarter wave transformerCHAPTER- 5 first-class honours degree PASS FILTER5 Low Pass Filter5.1 Introduction to low pass filterIn this chapter we will discuss the low pass filter and why is it important for the rectanna design. The techniques which will be used and calculation used to make a low pass filter. The results which are calculated by the ADS calculation will also be show in this section.5.2 Theory behind LPFThe antennas which were designed in the previous section was for 5.8Ghz but still some extra frequencies have to be filtered. The rectifying circuit also cause reflection from the first harmonics. To stop those reflection from the diode, LPF is used. LPF is extensional for the design as it can increase the power of the antenna. The LPF block the signal coming back from the diode and so the phenomena of re-radiation does not occur.The LPF is usually designed for the lower frequencies. We can use lamped component for the design but there is a problem with that. The lamped component can also cause reflection, so SMT components should be us ed to avoid the reflections from the inductor or the resistors.There is another good way, instead of using lumped component, the LPF can also be designed on the same transmission line by using Richard transmission. I think it would be the best thing for our design because then we would be able to make the design on the same surface. The whole design would have the same physical platform and planer surface can be achieved.There are two kinds of low pass filter which we can use in our design.Equal rippleMaximum flat5.3 LPF DesignThe filter can be designed by using Richardson method from chapter of Micro-wave engineering by david pozar9.We have to get the values from the table then Richard transformation is used to get the series inductors and the stub used and the shunt capacitors to shunt stubs. For Richard ?/8 at ?= ?C. Then the 2nd step would be to use the kuroda identity to series stub and shunt stubs. For the frequency of ?/8 at 2.45 GHz) and (?/8 at 5.8 GHz) we need to apply the impedance and the frequency scaling to get the accurate value.5.3.1 Equal ripple low pass filter5.3.2 Maximum low pass filter5.4 Simulation results from ADS5.5 LPF AT 5.8GHZ5.5.1 LFP EQUAL RIPPLE (5.8GHZ)5.5.2 LPF MAX FLAT(5.8GHZ)CHAPTER 66 RECTIFYING CIRCUIT FOR RECTENNA6.1 INTRODUCTION TO RECTIFYING CIRCUIT FOR RECTENNAThe final stage of the rectenna design is the rectanna which actually converts the RF signal into the DC voltage. As the diode has its own impedance so we have to match the impedance of the rectifying circuit as well. The method by which the impedance was match and the results obtained from the ADS simulation will be looked.6.2 Single Rectifier designThe single diode configuration is very easy to understand. In the positive wave of the AC signal the diode d5 is frontwards biased and the capacitor is being charged. When the negative wave come, the diode is reverse biased and no current crosses the diode and at that time the capacitor is providing the voltage. As th e capacitor is providing the voltage we have small ripples in the simulation and in practical applications.6.3 Single voltage quadruplerThe quadrapler provides 4 quantify the voltage as campared to the single rectifying circuit. The configuration is easy to fabricate and easy to understand. In the positive cycle the 2nd diode and the 4th diode is forward biased allowing the capacitor c4 and c1 to be charged. In the negative cycle the 1st and the 3rd diode are reversed biased and the capacitor c3 and c2 are being charged. The quadruple capacitor voltages adds up before the resistor, giving us four times the voltage at the resistor.6.4 cardinal 5.8 ghz with quadraupler in parallel configurationIn this design we have again used a quatrupler configuration bt this time we are using 4 sources in parallel with each other. The four parallel source were used to replicate the design, when 4 parallel antennas are used and then feeding into a single quadrupler rectifier configuration. The re sults are show below.6.5 Four 5.8 ghz with four individual quadraupler rectifier in parallel configurationThe difference between the above design and this design is that, this time individual rectifier is being used with a single 5.8ghz source. The configuration is used in parallel combination.6.6 Four 5.8 ghz with quadraupler in series configuration In the design below a series combination was used. Four 5.8ghz source which is acting like a 5.8ghz patch antenna are configured in series conbination. The output from the source is then feed into the voltage quadrupler. The results are shown below.6.7 HSMS 2862k Diode parametersChapter 77 Conversion efficiency7.1 Introduction to Conversion efficiencyThe design with different configuration was tested in ADS simulation. Now we have to move towards the physical antennas and we need to determine how we can mearsure the efficiency of a rectanna. When the antenna designs are manufactured we will tested the parrallel combination with the seri es combination.We will be comparing two designs.14 array of antenna22 array of antennaChapter 88 Complete Rectenna designIn this section we will see the complete rectanna design on a single surface. Which means that the low pass filter and the rectifying circuit will be on the same surface as that of the array antennasThe dimension and the simulated results of all the component were shown in the above sections of the report.Chapter 99 CONCLUSIONAs we have seen that all the design of the antennas and the other component were tested at maximum in ADS and the results obtained from the ADS simulation shows that we are on the right track and we will be cable of manufacture a good efficient antenna is the next semester. The antenna will be able to convert the RF signal in DC power.The low pass filters were designed and we saw that the equal ripple filter show a much better results and so we will be using that with our design. The rectifying circuit were build and tested and a practical re sults show that we need a minimum of 3dbm power, so that the SMT led can be turned ON.In the future a 5.8 ghz antenna with array of 22 and 14 will be made. The simulation of 22 and 14 antenna array is already done in ADS. The designs are ready for manufacturing.9.1 Prototype and gerber Files for Manufacturing10 AppendixReferencesJ.O. McSpaden J.C. Mnakins, solar power programs and MWP(micro wave wireless power), IEEE Micro, volume. 3, number. 4, pages. 46-57, Dec 2002J.A. Hagerty and Z.Popovic, experimental results of a broad band arbitrarily polarized antenna, found in IEEE MTT-S Int. Moscow Sym. Dig., May 2001, volume 3.,pages 1855-1858D.G.Guha, Y.M.Antar and J.Y. Siddiqui and M. Biswas Resonanting resistance for microstrip-line-fed for a circular-micro-strip patches Ieee Proc Microw. Antennas extension service found in volume 152, Number 6, Dec 2005W C. brown, history of wireless power transmisson IEEE Transaction on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 1983Wireless-Power-Transmis sion(WPT) for the use of solar Power Satellite found at site www.sspi.gatech.edu (Accessed 13th June 2008)R.P. Jedelika, measured mutal coupling between antennas and the patch antennas, IEEE Trans. on Antennas and Prop., pp. 147-149 Jan. 1981Change, K. Radio frequency and Microwave Wireless Systems by John Wiley and Sons, Inc 2000Taconic material TLX-0 Data Sheet TACONIC Advanced Dielectric DivisionDavid, M. P. Microwave Engineering, second edition by John Wiley and Sons, Inc 1998Chang.K. Radio Frequnecy and Micro-wave power wireless wystems, Chapter 3 to Chapter 4 Antenna Systems by John Wiley and Sons, Inc 2000Kai.chang,RF and microwave wiresless system chapter.3 pp 89-98. 2000I. J. Bahle and P. Bhartia, Microstrip patch Antennas, Artech House Inc, Dedham, MA 1980Balanise, C.A Antenna Theory and Analysis for Design by Wiley-Interscience, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey 2005I. J. Bahle and P. Bhartia, Microstrip Antennas, Artech House Inc, Dedham, MA 1980Matsumo to. H Shinohara. N, study on array of antennas for wireless power transmission IEEE, volume. 46, number. 3, 1998Bhartia, B. Roa and K.V.S. Tomar, R.S. Millimeter-Wave Microstripe for Printed Circuit and Antennas Arteche House, Inc, unify States of America, 1991