Briefly examine the life and work of an entrepreneur (Momofuku Ando), Essay

Briefly examine the life and work of an entrepreneur (Momofuku Ando), analysing the major factors contributing to their succeeder as an entrepreneur, what element - Essay ExampleEntrepreneurial attitude can be measured in terms of achievement, entry, personal control, self esteem, and opportunity recognition (Lindsay, 2005). Lindsay further clarifies that innovation includes recognizing and acting upon business activities in new and unique ways. Achievement can be associated with business start-up and growth results, while self-esteem includes self-confidence. face-to-face control involves individual perceptions of control and influence over business affairs. Creativity is one of the key characteristics of entrepreneurial and part of the innovation process.Momofuku Ando, initially an unsuccessful businessman, was one such entrepreneur who made a block up through while watching his wife deep-fry ve devilables (Hall, 2007). Ando has dabb lead unsuccessfully in business ventures ran ging from common salt to prefab houses (Beech, 2006). He had been experimenting with a newfangled idea for packaged ramen noodles. While watching his wife he hit upon the idea that fried noodles would turn hard yet be porous enough and ruin immediately when dipped in boiling water. This opportunity recognition not only made Ando into a noodle king but also created a multi-billion dollar market for instant noodles. Considered as a classic invention, instant noodles was a gift which saved people hard labor of grinding and chopping for hours to get food ready. This paper will examine the life and work of this entrepreneur analyzing the major factors that contributed to his success.Creativity and innovation is what marked the growth of this entrepreneur. Moved by the death due to starvation in Japan by-line the World War II, he was inspired to produce a cheap and convenient food (Katayama, 1988). The spin workers with ten minutes between shifts and the salarymen hunched over their d esks at midnight needed something, cheap, and fast and filling (Beech 2006). This led to the invention of the instant

Managing people and organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Managing people and organization - Essay ExampleThe specific gap has been identified by Kilduff, Elfenbein and Staw (2010) their clause entitled as The psychology of challenger A relationally dependent analysis of competition aims to run adequate reports on the relationship between rivalry and competition both regarding the individuals and the organizations. Through the above study, the downstairsmentioned fact is revealed competition among individuals has similarities with the competition developed between organizations. In this way, the following assumption can be made the response of organizations to the pressures of their competitors is depended on the perceptions of their managers on rivalry the latter is not ripe an element of human beings behavior rather, it can be a cause for promoting competition among organizations based on the fact that organizational decisions are made by individuals who are expected to use their own perceptions and experiences when having to de velop various organizational plans. The article of Kilduff, Elfenbein and Staw (2010) has been critically reviewed in order to identify its strengths and weaknesses but also its contribution in the explanation of organizational behavior. It is concluded that the specific article is extremely valuable in terms not just of its subject but also of its structure and content. Article Importance The article of Kilduff, Elfenbein and Staw (2010) can be characterized as quite important helping to realize the role of rivalry for the development of various decisions. Especially in regard to the area of organizational behavior, the specific article helps to perceive how the responses of firms to their competitors can be explained and evaluated. The value of the article for the particular field can be also identified at the following two points a) breathing studies regarding the role of rivalry in organizational competition are quite limited in fact, up today, the relationship between the per sonal attitudes as rivalry can be primarily characterized and the organizational initiatives has not been explored through the article under examination the dependency of organizational decisions on personal beliefs referring to the beliefs of rivals when these persons have to come in in the development of a tell apart organizational decision is analytically explained b) competition is a key part of organizational activities however, the causes and the elements of competition have not been adequately examined in the past the article under examination offers valuable information on a specific aspect/ cause of competition the rivalry which can be related to the initiatives of both individuals and organizations. Articles Critique In order to understand the value of the article under examination within the field of organizational beh

Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 4

Research Proposal Examplehts mention to the moral norms or principles that generally describe some specific humankind behavior standards which ar protected regularly as intelligent rights according to the set of International Law. The rights are inherent for all human beings irrespective of their age, nationality, gender, ethnicity, religion and place. However, in practice it is found that there are major theatrical roles of stack who are deprived of certain human rights because of the existence of discrimination among the people based on different factors including race, gender, nationality and many more (East and Horn of Africa Human Rights Defenders Project, defend Human Rights A Resource Book for Human Rights Defenders). Defending or protection of human rights has become a major challenge for the government of different countries and people are also required to defend their own human right. It is very essential for the government and legal authorities to implement effectiv e laws and regulations that would help in providing the respective human right to every section of people in the society and further avoid discrimination (Freedomhouse, Defending Regional Human Rights egis Mechanisms The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights under Attack). Additionally, the human rights states that there should not be dissimilarity among the people based on diverse discriminating factors. More awareness should be created among the people regarding the grandeur of defending human right so that people are equally treated and they receive what they be being responsible citizen of society (OSCE/ODIHR, Guidelines on the Protection of Human Rights Defenders). Some human rights defenders focuses on advance Government as a whole to fulfill human rights obligations, for example by publicizing culture on the Governments record of implementing human rights standards and monitoring progress made (OHCHR, Human Rights Defenders defend the Right to Defend Human

Management seminar Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Management seminar - Essay ExampleIn 2004, there was a global spread of SNS after the invention of the Facebook fundamentally used as exclusive Harvard School companionable networking site. Facebook developed precise fast congruous popular among the college students who would use it for inter-college social networking platform among students and lecturers. Facebook became a very reliable tool for both communication and market purposes with many members including professionals and the teenagers. It provides a platform for various marketing and recruitment activities and the largest storage of individual photos online (Peacock, 2011).LinkedIn created a social networking site for professionals to share their educational and work expertness and job postings. The career experts suggest that SNSs are a wonderful way to perform recruitment dialogs since the applicants extensively use them. Most recruiting organizations save many funds by using Social networking sites in hiring lick as since it is affordable and pocket-friendly. there are some shortcomings associated with the SNSs. The organization, for instance, could get inaccurate information about the individuals. There are online propaganda and malice stirred by wrong information about colleagues when the business and personal relationships break. The nonsensical information posted online creates permanent scar on the applicant forever causing individual tissue phobia that may run for long time (Solove, 2008).The online application may also lead to seclusion and legal issues emanating from posting irrelevant recruitment information online. SNSs connect the whole world through virtually popular three being Facebook, Twitter, and LinkedIn offering the same functions while used in different countries by different customers. Facebook is the largest SNS with about 500 million members globally, which started becoming popular in America and escalated internationally becoming the most sought after.Orkut became p rominent in Brazil and India,

Evaluating Teachers Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Evaluating Teachers appellation - Essay ExampleBearing in mind that Miss Paulson had received adequate points in her foregoing military rating despite having some difficulty in managing classes goes to point out some issues in the evaluation that have to be addressed within the shortest time possible to avid the recurrence of some incidents as the one she was involved in. The officers responsible for evaluation have shown clearly that they are too lenient during their evaluation sessions. Secondly, there has been a poor teacher supervision structure, which led me to find Miss Paulson attending to unmarried students leaving the rest of the class unattended, which was also non reported. In this case, the state requires that teachers should be evaluated annually although elevate teachers can even be evaluated once in three years or a twice in a decade, in Ms Paulsons case, evaluation was done within the stipulated timeframe by the law. In this case, a formal investigation is not necessary as such, incident has never been reported in the school however, some form of internal (within the school) investigation must take place. Steps to be interpreted in investigating the incident Wednes solar day daybreak constitute an investigating venire Wednesday afternoon the panel to severalize the students and staff to be interviewed Thursday morning interviewing of the students Thursday afternoon interviewing of staff members Friday morning Investigating panel meets to draw conclusion and finalise on the investigations. Friday afternoon the principal receives the finding of the Investigations and hands them over to the superintendent. Monday morning official communication from the school is received by the parent of Jessica Robertson The students and staff to be interviewed volition be selected depending on their probability of having some information relating to the incident. Among those to be interviewed will be Jessica Robertson since she is the complainant and w ill succeed insight on the incident, which involve the pornographic pictures in class. In addition, the class monitor will be interviewed as he is in charge of the class when the teacher is not around. Those on the front track of the class will also have to be among those to be interviewed since they may have seen who interfered with Miss Paulsons computer. Miss Paulson will also be interviewed to give her side of the story and what happened on the material day and time each other staff member who was responsible in setting up of the projector will also have to be interviewed to get the clear picture of all that happened. The interviews will be spontaneous to enable the panel read the body language and will be conducted with utmost confidentiality to ensure the respondents up to(p) up on the incident. The panel will have to undergo an oath of secrecy before the district attorney to ensure confidentiality of all the information. Miss Paulson will continue to teach other classes and will not be subjected to any discrimination until investigations are complete Since the investigation will be done internally, any correspondence with the media and community will be done by the principal so as to vacate any form of miscommunication or misstatement. 2.) Evaluation of the conduct of professionals needs to be understood from the activities in which they select themselves and the manner in which they carry themselves out in performing their duties. This means that any activity of a professional has to be

It is important to preserve the rule of law in Hong Kong but somehow Essay

It is important to preserve the rule of police force in Hong Kong but somehow its existence in Hong Kong is more of a romance than a original - Essay ExampleOne can hence derive the idea that the legality and equality miscellanea the roots of Hong Kongs legislature and every other principle revolves around it. To promote equality, the countrys legislature involves a ruling system specially designed to restrict the discretionary powers of the government. It provides the courts with a guidepost for ensuring that constitutional powers atomic number 18 non exploited in whatever way by the government officials. So, all unreasonable decision or any attempt of exercising excessive power is always do invalid or futile by the court orders. The rule of uprightness holds an important place in the Hong Kong system of legislature. It most certainly, is one of its greatest strengths. It is something that ensures the countrys status as a ahead(p) centre in the financial market in terms of finance and commerce and provides a steady-going environment for the businessmen to work in. Thus, it is the defining ideology upon which the people of the country put their trust and faith. They are proud of possessing an sovereign judiciary and are very concerned about upholding the integrity of their legal system. whatsoever threats or criticism against the rule of law is severely dealt with. It is very important to realize the rule of law actually needs a very transparent legislation to work effectively. Without a clearly delimitate set of laws that are justified and comfortable for every citizen of the country and an independent and strong judicial and enforcement bodies, it is unthinkable to govern a country by the rule of law. Hence, the rule of law resembles the British legislation as it was proposed when Hong Kong was under the British colonial rule. Although, there was much concern that the rule of law would be compromised when Hong Kong was remerged with its mothe rland, it did not happen so and it still rest fair and just. For those who say that the rule of law is a myth are certainly very wrong in my personal opinion. Hong Kong has always preserved the core determine of its legislature that involves freedom of speech and defending the human rights. The justice department works free from any outside interference or pressures and is responsible for maintaining law and order and defining the working principles for different matters in the society. Moreover, the responsibility of giving the government legal advices is handed over to the Secretary of Justice. Not to forget the occurrence that the countrys legal system consists of about 5000 lawyers and about 700 law firms. Through all such measures, the judiciary of the country has been improved to quite a great extent. The courts in Hong Kong are mainly operated by its judiciary which is independent of both the executive and the legislative councils as mentioned earlier as well. The word in dependent is highly stressed upon because it holds the true essence of the rule of law. The legal body in Hong Kong enjoys a megabucks of protective measures and cannot be questioned by the government. This allows the system to be utterly transparent and just. The highest post in Hong Kongs judicial council is that of Chief Justice, who is then assisted by other officials of different ranks and responsibilities. To ensure that the system remains profound, the rule of law r

Baroque and Rococo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Baroque and Rococo - Essay ExampleBaroque art elbow room in the renaissance period was elysian by the idealism while Rococo art style was inspired by the 18th Century political changes in France. After the idealism of the Renaissance in c.1400-1530, in that respect was need for a more relaxed lifestyle, which could only be achievable through artworks. Idealism brought into existence virtually nature of mannerism to the people by c.1530-1600. Therefore, Baroque art adopted during this period to emulate generous thinking of the people as per the idealism. Baroque art style above all reflected the religious tenseness during the Renaissance epoch. Notably, this artistic style expressed in painting the desire of the catholic church of capital of Italy to reassert itself at the wake of protestant dominations. This attribute makes Baroque art style more associate to Catholic church . In appreciating the beauty of ancient architecture, the Bible says, The work is great for the palace entrust not be for a man but for the Lord God. In this contect, David meant that a synagogue was as equal as a Palce. Additionally, Baroque was the uttermost synonymous art style with the Counter-Catholic Church Reformation art of the Renaissance period. The Rococo art style, on the other hand, reflected a political and moralistic life relaxation. Newly adopted Rococo art style imitated political changes in France as a new style in art. The Rococo style was presented as an intimate, decorative and erotic art style in the Renaissance period. Rococo decorative art, in summary, emphasised on pastel colours.

The Success of Saudi Economic Policies According to Islamic Financing Literature review - 1

The Success of Saudi-Arabian-Arabian Economic Policies According to Islamic Financing Principles - Literature review ExampleThe structure of society in Saudi Arabia is a monarchy, which meat that patriarchal values of hereditary power are enshrined in all the internal governmental organisations. It is non like the monarchy which exists in the UK, where the Queen has a largely ceremonial role, but rather it is a non-democratic unveiling where the ruling royal family occupy the positions of power and decision-making. King and Prime Minister Abdallah bin Abd al-Aziz Al Saud wear been both chief of state and head of government since 2005, and all members of the council of ministers are appointed by him. (CIA, 2010) feminine members of the Royal family and other respected women can and do occupy prominent positions with impressive logical argument titles such(prenominal) as Princess Dr al-Jawhara bint Fahd al-Saud who was an undersecretary for education for womens colleges and Dr Nora Alyousuf, who is unrivalled of only six state-appointed parliamentary advisors but their powers are limited and many another(prenominal) people view these appointments as a cosmetic touch to distract from the lack of puzzle out that Saudi women lose in society. It would be wrong to assume, however, that royal power is always used to mash women in modern Saudi Arabia and in fact over the last ten years at that place have been a number of royal decrees which call for the effectuateting up of organisations which review and reform Saudi amicable and political structures. The royal decree of March 9, 2004, called for the establishment of an Institution for Human Rights and another one of Sept.12 2005 set up an official Saudi Committee for Human Rights.The structure of society in Saudi Arabia is a monarchy, which means that patriarchal values of hereditary power are enshrined in all the internal political organisations. It is not like the monarchy which exists in the UK, whe re the Queen has a largely ceremonial role, but rather it is a non-democratic institution where the ruling royal family occupy the positions of power and decision-making. King and Prime Minister Abdallah bin Abd al-Aziz Al Saud have been both chief of state and head of government since 2005, and all members of the council of ministers are appointed by him. (CIA, 2010) Female members of the Royal family and other respected women can and do occupy prominent positions with impressive job titles such as Princess Dr al-Jawhara bint Fahd al-Saud who was an undersecretary for education for womens colleges and Dr Nora Alyousuf, who is one of only six state-appointed parliamentary advisors but their powers are limited and many people view these appointments as a cosmetic touch to distract from the lack of influence that Saudi women have in society. It would be wrong to assume, however, that royal power is always used to oppress women in modern Saudi Arabia and in fact over the last ten years there have been a number of royal decrees which call for the setting up of organisations which review and reform Saudi social and political structures. The royal decree of March 9, 2004, called for the establishment of an Institution for Human Rights and another one of Sept.12 2005 set up an official Saudi Committee for Human Rights.

Abraham Lincolns Role in the Civil War Term Paper

Abraham capital of Nebraskas Role in the Civil struggle - Term Paper ExampleEnslavement, nevertheless, was the chief nonplus of the ever-increasing political conflict and opposition around the 1850s.There were numerous leaders who greatly contributed to the development and, eventually, the conclusion of this four-year war that killed millions of innocent lives. They, in many ways, have shaped and formed what is known as The Civil War today. Whether to instigate or to stifle the war, these leaders have unquestionably played a great graphic symbol in it. Among these leaders was president Abraham Lincoln. He, throughout his presidency, has greatly molded and influenced the development and the end of this war. He, in a way, played a role in both the start and end of the Civil War. Many factors thus instigated the Civil War. The trigger that ultimately pushed war into action was Abraham Lincolns victory in the presidential elections. During the presidential election of 1860, the Rep ublican Party spearheaded by Abraham Lincoln had pushed against magnifying slavery outside the states in which it antecedently subsisted.The Republicans intensely promoted patriotism, and in their 1860 manifesto they denounced disunion threats as affirmations of treason. This fervent drive to abolish slavery sprung from President Lincolns belief that slavery was the main cause of the war. In his second inaugural address, he said, These slaves represent a peculiar and powerful interest. All knew that this interest was somehow the cause of the war.1 In retrovert to an anti-slavery Republican as the winner of the Presidential election, nearly a dozen Southern slave states in America affirmed their separation and breakaway from the United States. Many of these Southern whites that belonged to the league felt that pulling out had grown to be their only choice, as the people understood that Lincoln was against slavery and approved of northerly appeals. Together, they formed the follo wer States of America, better known universally as the Confederacy. two the leaving presidency of President James Buchanan and the entering government disallowed the validity of drug withdrawal, regarding it as rebellion. The other eight slave states turned pleas for secession down at this point. There was no nation in the world that acknowledged the Confederacy. As the Confederacy formed, the remaining twenty-five states reinforced the federal administration known collectively as the Union. Conflicts started on the April of 1861, when Confederate powers struck a U.S. military installation located at Fort Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina. after they severely bombarded the fort, the fort surrendered. A few days later, Lincoln foreseeed for a multitude that numbered around 75,000 from the states to retaking the fort and additional national property. Instead of furnishing troops for an assault on their fellow Southern states, uniting Carolina, Virginia, Arkansas, and Tennessee made a decision to join these states in withdrawal. Lincolns response of calling for a legion of volunteers led to statements of secession by these four slave states. This reaction to Ft. Sumter was a devastating call for war to support national morality. Only the state of Kentucky made an effort to stay neutral. A flexure of young men all throughout the land was in a great rush to enlist. Both sides built armies as the Union grasped control of the Border States during the early phases of the war and formed a nautical barrier. Land combat in the East was indecisive between 1861 and 1862, as the Confederacy retorted Union efforts to adopt its capital, Richmond, Virginia, particularly throughout the Peninsular Campaign. In the September of 1862, the Confederate movement in Maryland concluded in defeat at the

Principles of Marketing Management - Assignment 2

Principles of Marketing Management - 2 - Assignment ExampleThe plan will cover diametrical external as intumesce as internal environmental analysis of the caller-out for the purpose of having ache term sustainability in the market and attain a better competitive position.Ikea Estates is a sister touch of Inter IKEA Holding. The company operates in a decentralised manner in which each disagreement of the company owns its own responsibilities. In plus to this, different worry lines and operations are handled by their own managements. In this context, Ikea Estates is a separate and independent concern under the flagship of Inter IKEA Holding. This division of the group deals in in truth res publica properties like housing. The prime quest of this division is to create long term value for the division as well as entire group with the help of making enthronizations in properties. In addition to this, the overall operations of the organisation includes the development of new pro perties, land banking and undertaking of the active management the portfolio of properties that sack up be proved quite efficient to retrieve maximum amount of returns from the investments (Property Division 2013).Ikea Estates was recognised as a separate division of the entire group in the year 1990, when housing and real estate market was on boom phase. This division of the country is quite expended and geographically diversified. There are 8 different European countries in which, the company has registered its footprint quite intensively. These countries are Spain, the Netherlands, the UK, Poland, Latvia, Belgium, Romania, and Lithuania ((Property Division 2013). The company is well known for its factory built housing schemes offered to the customers after the recent financial crisis. The concept of wood cladded and shivering roofed houses emerged by the company was exceptional and proved as one of the most successful business ideas after the recent financial crisis that has ma de the perception of people regarding real estate as an investment

Is global warming causing severe weather Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Is global warming causing severe weather - Essay Example economical science helps to understand economic benefits and material losses caused by severe weather conditions taking into depend results obtained by Climate science and Geology. Economic science investigates and develops measures to reduce negative impact of economic operation on climate and global warming. Taking into account the information mentioned above, it si evident that an interdisciplinary search is crucial, because one science is unable to solve the problem of global warming without collaboration with other disciplines. novel years, hurricanes have become a great problem for many coastal villages and towns around the world. Scientists explain that hurricanes atomic number 18 caused by heated up water and variations of sea level. For instance, according to Avery The computerized global climate models predict well get to a greater extent and bigger storms as the planet warms, which results in severe weather cond itions. Avery explains that heat in the strain is the elicit that leads to stormy weather, and weather disasters argon occurring with ever-greater military posture and frequency around the world. (Avery, n.d.). So, it is evident that this fuel in the atmosphere is the result of human activities (gas emissions and other pollutant) which lead to the heated atmosphere and hurricanes. Nevertheless, there is an opposite view supposing that the save hurricane surge is part of a 60 to 70-year cycle linked to natural effects (Briggs, 2005), and has nothing to do with heated weather conditions. Unfortunately, nobody can reject the fact that thousands of tons of mercury, lead, and other heavy metals are put into the water and air each year in the form of liquids and gases, which cause the sea temperature increase. obtuse metals, like pesticides, are long lasting and can spread over large areas. Algae and tip are disappeared and natural processes of adsorption stops. These changes in bio sphere resulted in global warming.b) Tornados is another problem caused by heated water. This phenomenon was proved by Carter who stated that tornados are caused by temperature increase and storm chasing. He illustrates this fact stating that the escalation in extreme weather conditions over the past two decades has led to an increase in the frequency and intensity of storm conditions (Carter, 2005). Some scientists try to explain tornados and storms as a result of changing weather conditions neglecting the regularise of global warming on this process. They say When we look at the Mozambique floods, at the storms that hit France, at the absence of winters in Britain over the past few years, at the avalanches in the Alps, we are witnessing events that are now clear tainted by human actions (Carter, 2005). The question is Why changing weather conditions occur Following Carter, it is executable to say that these changes occur because of global warming. To conclude, it is possible t o say that the majority of scientists agree that global warming and light-green house effect are the main reasons why we suffer from

Internet, software piracy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Internet, software piracy - Essay ExampleHe has been induced to look at the ad offering instead of carrying on his normal surfing activity. The normal trajectory of events has been affected. THE ETHICAL DILEMMAS ASSOCIATED WITH THIS at that place are many ethical dilemmas associated with advertising on the meshwork. One group of advocates wanted to keep the Web free of advertising, but its too late for that now. Secondly, you will nonice that most if not each activity on the web is about selling products and services anyway (www.ehow.com). As to whether or not it would be a correct practice to use an ad on a page to big businessman that page in a search, I think that it would be very unethical especially if the ad pertained to one of your clients who had agreed to advertise on that page. Proper permission needs to be taken from clients in the beginning using their ads in such a manner. The client would not think of you very highly because he has paid you to put his ad on that pa ge in the hopes of generating business for him, not you. It shows lack of professionalism on your part. In any case, if the client removed the ad from the web page at some later date, it would mean that the link would exhaust to go too. Now about web page authors who add ultraviolet tags to increase the visibility of their page in search results, you can do this be inputting the following rule in HTML TextHere. There is a debate going on as to whether this is a in effect(p) practice or whether it can be harmful for PR and Google rankings, SEO etc. Some say it causes no harm while others opine it can affect your ranking adversely. One example I have found on the Internet is at the site http//stommepoes.jobva.nl/guis2.html. One way to hide the link is to give birth it the same color as the background. References Torrie, C. How to Advertise on the Internet successfully. Accessed on 21 April 2011 at

Vaccinations and autism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Vaccinations and autism - Essay ExampleAccording to them, the vulnerability to mercury preservative called in thimerosal increase the autism of contracting the autism spectrum disorder. Moreover, this paper examines the studies on this topic to project a different realities and truth.Vaccination plays a critical role in the society in simplification the cost, diseases, and loss of human life. The government and society incur direct medical examination cost and vaccination plays a role in reducing the direct cost immeasurably (Solt, 2010). In essence, vaccination reduces the cost of treating medical complications caused by preventable diseases. The societal cost such as special education for children with special needs, supplies in the hospitals, and loss of productivity is huge. Studies and research have shown that publication to link vaccination and autism is a pipe imagine and replete to failure.There is a widespread of misinformation on the effects of vaccination to human hea lth. Propaganda has been spread that vaccination is a family planning method introduced to developing nation. Moreover, some other(a) people give personal accounts of contracting autism and other condition after vaccination. Misinformation can lead to contraction of preventable diseases hence the need of societal booking in the debate (Stanovich, 2007). The global increase in the spread of autism diagnosis is caused by the increased ken and diagnostic criteria. This has increased the perception that painting to vaccines leads to autism.Research conducted by price and colleagues (2010) explored the correlation between antepartum and infant ethylmercury exposure from immuglobulin preparation. The study established that vaccination does not cause autism spectrum disorders as suggested by politicians and other lobby groups. The research asserts that there is no solid evidence that support the fact that vaccination and exposure to thimerosal causes autism. In essence, the

Muslim prayer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Muslim prayer - shew ExampleShe examines religion from several approaches, perhaps as a way having a neutral condition (Fisher 123). I will concentrate on trust-based perspective of religion, prayer as a therapy and understanding disparate sacred practices with a bias on the Islamists Salat practices.Most bulk regard that faith is the greatest component of any religion. This goes hand in hand with prayer. This is why when people pray, they must give up some agents of faith into the payers so that it can have an impact on their lives. This is perhaps why thither are many religious doctrines across the world. Today, even scientists accept the therapeutic healing of prayers. bloody shame notes that it looks at prayer as a way of achieving the end with their creator, then they will receive healing in ways that that they cannot understand. In this regard, prayer backed with faith has a beneficial effect. Different religions have variant ways of connecting with God. They have dif ferent beliefs that they incorporate in their prayers as well.In this regard, prayer can, therefore, be considered as a sustenance network. Various religions maintain that God heals only those who pray. So those who pray would be considered religious while those who do not have a religion will be considered non-religious. This is why Mary explains that faith-backed prayers are an important element of any religion. The Jewish, the Christian, the Muslim, the Buddhist, as well as other religious groups believe in the importance of faith. The essential factor about prayer is how it helps people to get into a person-to-person relationship with God God is the sustainer of life. In this case, God is the most important person in their lives and one who holds the answers to their problems. Health is a core element that these people consider as well. Through prayer, people present themselves as needy and want God to heal them. In this aspect, faith, therefore, becomes a crucial element in an y religion (Fisher

Recovery of Financial Markets and Institutions and Challenges in the Essay

Recovery of Financial Markets and Institutions and Challenges in the Post-Crisis Era - Essay display caseAccording to the World Investment Report 2010 presented by United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, the cosmos economies have recovered from the global financial crisis (UNCTAD, 2010). The aim of this report is to study the recovery of financial commercialises and institutions and challenges which these institutions ar go about in the post-crisis era. In this research essay, the meet of financial crisis on three major clove pink markets of the world including FTSE-100, NIKKEE and DOW has been studied. Moreover, the underlying factors contributing to the downturn of the pedigree markets have also been discussed. The report also highlights the recovery process and the performance of the argumentations in the post-crisis era. In this report, the prospects of financial regulatory reforms and financial sector and economic emergence have been discussed. Finally, the new trends on the financial landscape and changes in institutions have been discussed.... The index started declining around the middle of 2008 and in the first quarter of 2009 the index reached to its lowest aim in the history. Figure II DOW baron Historical Performance of Five Years The following chart shows the NIKKIE 225 Index performance from 2007 to 2011. The table shows that the stock points declined very sharply at the end of year 2008 when stock markets were facing a huge impact of financial crisis. The index started declining around the mid of 2008 and in the first quarter of 2009 the index reached to its lowest level in the history. Figure III NIKKIE Index Historical Performance of Five Years Underlying Factors Contributed to the lessen of Stock Markets The global financial markets are strongly integrated markets thanks to the rapid process of globalisation. one of the major factors that lead to the current financial crisis is the real estate bubble. Actually 80 per cent of the U.S. market is securitised because excess capital globally has been pushed into the U.S. mortgage market (Stock Market Investors). Before the financial crisis, the world was facing the greatest expansion of leveraged debt and greatest explosion in the prices of the equity markets. All kinds of financial markets such as NASDAQ 100, Platinum futures, oil prices or gold stocks, started demonstrating the power of trend-following crows on the up and down sides of the markets and in this focal point the four-hundred years of market history destructed and with the unwinding of leveraged debt, the prices and confidence of investors destroyed (Wakefield, 2008). The financial crisis penetrated into the worlds stock markets because stock market is one of the major activities in the corporate world. Dash & Mallick explain that the indices of the stock markets

Battleship Potemkin Essay Example for Free

Battleship Potemkin turn outMontage is more than simply a technique. Montage compels you like a book because of what is left to the imagination. Giannettis book defines montage as Transitional sequence of rapidly edited images, used to suggest the supervision of time or the passing of events. The entire Battleship Potemkin movie gave the impression of a montage. I would non have been able to pay attention throughout the entire movie if it didnt move so quickly. I must admit that Eisensteins Battleship Potemkin film is technically brilliant. Eisensteins film Battleship Potemkin is one of the entire landmarks of cinema. The movie is about the ring of a battleship being mistreated. One of the opening scenes illustrates a spend being hit while sleeping. Then for breakfast soldier are served meat crawling with maggots. When soldiers murmur the chief officer inspects the meat and makes it seem as if nothing is wrong with it. When soldiers refuse to eat it officers leave out a ta rpaulin over the rebellious solders and order them to be shot by the guards amidst their own crew. The crew imploded, the news of the death by its crewmember spread causing chaos. The content of the famous massacre on the Odessa travel grabbed my attention.The film was once banned in many nations, including its native Soviet Union governments believed it could provoke audiences to rebel. concord to todays standards the Odessa Steps scene is graphic. Seeing children injured, shot and trampled made me cringe. When the woman stood in see of the soldiers with her bloody son pleading for the soldiers to stop, they shot her without remorse. The repeated close up on the carriage at the top of the steps caused anxiety simply because of the way it was edited.The constant cuts back and forth between the gunshot and the carriage had the viewer thinking are they going to shot the carriage like they did the mother rest in front of it, or is the carriage going to go tumbling down the stair fo rcing the do by to fly out? Battleship Potemkin is a political drama with the absence of personal drama.No single(a) character is personalized which causes characters to represent or symbolize something greater, chemical group of people with guns vs. a dismal group of unarmed folks. The juxtaposition had the greatest impact. Cutting between the anonymous uniformed gunman and the innocent victims that audiences could intimately connect with.

Famous Psychologist Essay Example for Free

Famous Psychologist tryThroughout psychologys relatively skeleton fib, there have been many famous psychologists who have leftfield their see both on psychology and on the world at large. While many of these individuals do non necessarily fit todays definition of a psychologist, a term which indicates a doctoral-level degree in psychology, their mould on psychology is without question. Learn more about psychologists by browsing through this list of some of the close famous thinkers in psychology history. Alfred Adler mankind Domain Alfred Adler is known as one of the just about influential thinkers in psychology. While he was initi bothy a member of the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society, Adler ultimately departed from Freuds theories and developed his own perspective, which he called Individual Psychology. He had a strong influence on a number of other eminent psychologists, including Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow and Karen Horney. Mary AinsworthMary Ainsworth was a psychol ogist best known for her seek on attachment theory and the increment of the strange situation assessment. Her work played an alpha enjoyment in our understanding of child outgrowth and has influenced other fields including education. Gordon AllportGordon Allport was a psychologist perhaps best-known as one of the founding figures of character psychology. He also developed a trait theory of personality that described three broad categories of personality traits. Solomon AschSolomon Asch was a pioneering social psychologist. His famous conformity experiments demonstrated that tidy sum will claim that something is correct when it obviously is not due to social pressure from peers. Asch also had an important influence on psychologist Stanley Milgram, whose own obedience experiments were inspired by Aschs work. Albert BanduraAlbert Bandura is a psychologist known for his famous Bobo gentlewoman experiment as well as his concepts of self-efficacy and social learning. Banduras work is considered part of the cognitive transmutation in psychology that began in the late 1960s. His theories have had tremendous impact on personality psychology, cognitive psychology, education, and therapy. Alfred BinetPublic Domain Alfred Binet was a French psychologist famous for his development of the first widely utilised tidings test. He is often described as one of the most influential thinkers in psychology history and his original test still serves as the basis for modern measures of intelligence. Mary Whiton CalkinsMary Whiton Calkins was the first distaff president of the American Psychological Association. She studied at Harvard with famous teachers including William James and Hugo Munsterberg. Despite completing all of the requirements for a doctorate degree in psychology, Harvard refused to grant her degree simply because she was a woman.James McKeen Cattell protrude courtesy Library of Congress James McKeen Cattell was the first U.S. psychology professor. He is an important figure in psychology thanks to his work in intelligence, his use of quantitative methods and his focus on establishing psychology as a legitimate science. Raymond CattellImage from Wikimedia Commons Raymond Cattell was a pioneering thinker who is perhaps best known for his use of multivariate analysis and his 16-factor personality model. Mamie Phipps Clark Mamie Phipps Clark was a pioneering psychologist known for her important inquiry on child development and self-concept among minorities. As the first black woman to graduate from Columbia University, she faced discrimination because of her race and her gender. Her research with her husband, Kenneth Clark, played a major role in the Supreme Courts decision in the pivotal chocolate-brown vs. Board of Education case.Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi Hes an important contemporary psychologist, but one of your first questions is probably How do you express his name? (Its me-HIGH chick-sent-me-HIGH-ee, by the way.) Learn more about his work and contributions to modern psychology in this brief biography.John Dewey Image courtesy Wikimedia Commons John Dewey was an American psychologist, philosopher, writer and educational theorist. His work had a vital influence on psychology, education and philosophy and he is often considered one of the greatest thinkers of the 20th-century. His ferocity on progressive education has contributed greatly to the use of experimentation rather than an authoritarian approach to knowledge.Erik Erikson Public Domain Erik Eriksons well-known stage theory of psychosocial development helped generate interest and inspire research on human development through the lifespan. An ego psychologist who studied with Anna Freud, Erikson expanded psychoanalytic theory by exploring development throughout the full lifespan, including events of childhood, adulthood and old age. Hans EysenckImage from the Wikimedia Commons / Sirswindon at en.wikipedia Hans Eyesenck was a very prolific psychologist, p ublishing more than 75 books and 1600 journal articles. Prior to his death in 1997, he was the living psychologist most frequently cited in scientific books and journal articles. He was also a very controversial figure, and his point-blank views of subjects ranging from psychotherapy to intelligence made him the subject of criticism. Leon FestingerLeon Festinger was an influential social psychologist who is well-known for his theory of cognitive discrepancy as well as his social comparison theory. Anna Freud Anna Freud began her career influenced by the theories of her father, Sigmund Freud. Far from living in her fathers shadow, Anna made important contributions of her own to psychology. She founded child psychoanalysis and summarized the egos defense mechanisms in her book The Ego and the Mechanisms of defensive measure (1936). Sigmund FreudPublic Domain Sigmund Freud may be one of the best known figures in history, but he is also one of the most controversial. He was the founde r of the school of thought known as psychoanalysis. The legacy of his life and work provokes both impassioned acclaim from his supporters and disdain from his detractors. While some view him as a cultural icon and others see him as a pseudo-scientific charlatan, there is no question that Freud left an indelible mark on psychology as well as other disciplines.Erich Fromm Liss Goldring / Erich Fromm Estate Erich Fromm was a neo-Freudian psychoanalyst who had a major influence on humanistic psychology. Today Fromm is remembered for his concept of freedom as a fundamental component of human nature.

CPTED principles Essay Example for Free

CPTED principles Es hypothecateI. The undermentioned are the Four CPTED Principles arranged in their relative importance 1. Surveillance- Surveillance for me is the most important of the quadruplet CPTED principles. This onward motion is direct a person provide avoid performing a crime when they determine that they washstand be observed. It is besides important because it allows some level of control from the proprietor and another(prenominal) bear on parties. For example, a person is committing a crime, with watch, there is a soaring probability that the owner or other concerned citizens will see him, thus an immediate response can be done. 2.Territoriality- This is next to surveillance because it alike shows control. Distinguishing private flying fields from public will discourage people from approaching the area without a purpose. It shows that the owner knows and cares for his area of responsibility and any intruder is subject to the proprietors discretion. 3. Image- After the territory is marked, the exposure of the palace must be developed to readinessen it. By maintaining a positive image of the area, the owner is establishing it as a holistic area where unsloped natured and productive deeds are done thus, viewing that wrongdoings are not welcomed and will not be tolerated.4. Environment-Maintenance of the environment ranks last not because it is least substanceive just now rather because it is collaboration, a concern not only of a single owner but of the entire surroundings. An owner might want to implement it but no matter what his/her effort is, it is unimportant if the neighbors are uncontrollable or do not want to cooperate. Also, state if you believe CPTED and its associated principles are reasoned and successful crime prevention strategies. Remember to support your answer with adequate details from the text and schoolman research.I believe that CPTED is a valid crime prevention strategy. Oscar Newman (1972) mulish t hat crime rates divert according to the quatern principles stated supra. Surveillance is may be the most effective of all the approach since it can be easily installed. The most common form of this is the CCTV surveillance. In a study conducted in June 1997, Nieto concluded that CCTV video surveillance is successful in reducing and preventing crimes and is helpful in prose cauteriseing individuals caught in the good turn of committing a crime(para. 4). He added that it is speak to saving.The other three principles, territoriality, image and environment serve as reliable guide for designing the safety of the place. It is important to note that crimes vary with the mend of the institution. As Patricia and capital of Minnesota Brantingham (1981) said, crimes like murder and assault occur in areas of economic decline and neglect, whereas white-collar crimes occur in area in which a high number of potential victims exist(160-171). CPTED may have its drawback when utilize poorly but proper preparation for its implementation in an area definitely helps may it be in the prevention, an immediate response or a post-analysis of a crime.As stated in the website of the Los Angeles law Department(2010), experience strongly suggests that application of CPTED in combination with other Department crime prevention programs will help reduce crime and fear of crime in the community(para 14). Part II. Choose four of the sensible security countermeasures listed in Box 10. 2 of the Security Operations text and identify the outmatch location to utilize your selected countermeasures. Alarm Systems Alarm systems work best in facilities inside large buildings.The area must be large enough so that the function of the alarm system will be maximized, small areas often does not need much(prenominal) a system. Alarm systems are effective in spite of appearance because sensors are programmed to react with some variations in the conditions of the environment. Indoors are much more c ontrolled than in the outdoors. loudness of this countermeasure is that the alarm communicates fast through out the facilities so that e rattlingbody can know if something wrong is happening. Also, it can be easily designed to suit the facility where it will be installed without adding much appeal in the design.Weaknesses of this as Mc Crie (2007) stated is that the wires or cables that are used to transmit signal can be cut easily either intentional or by accident. The usual costs associated are for installation cost and maintenance. Based on Table 10. 2 (Mc Crie, 2007), the total cost is relatively high. Signs This countermeasure is useful in areas that do not require much protection that is when the harm that can be done is small. A good example is private properties that are under construction or not yet in use.Signs that say no trespassing and indicating the corresponding penalties are useful enough to lessen the probability of having intruders. The strength of this is that i t incurs very low cost (the cost is only for making the sign) and seldom needs follow-up maintenance. However, planned and determined offense can not be prevented by this measure. Access Control System The best location to use this countermeasure is in restrict areas where only few personnel are allowed to enter. It must be find in all main course points such as the entrance and exits as soundly as in other machines and facilities.Such areas are the research facilities of companies. The access to such areas needs to be limited because the operations performed are critical and confidential. As stated on Table 10. 2 (Mc Crie, 2007), it can deter, delay and detect. The strength of this system lies in the fast growth of technologies available to facilitate such measure. With these technologies, a company can choose from a variety of system that can fit their needs and budget. The weakness of this is some access controls can be stolen from the authorized person. This involves IDs and sometimes passwords.System that uses biometric features can also malfunction at times. usual errors are in the processing of the data. False-positive (also called Type I or A) errors occurs when an authorized person accesses a restricted facility where he or she should have been allowed (Mc Crie, 2007 p. 305) and he or she is denied access. On the other hand, the false-negative (also called Type II or B) errors allow admission to someone who should not be admitted but is (Mc Crie, 2007 p. 305). Associated cost is relatively high and includes the installation of the system, training for the concerned personnel. Lighting SystemsHallways are the area where lighting systems have important effect in terms of security measures. It works in two ways it protects the employees from accidents with the fixtures of the area and personal assaults it also protects the facility from intruders. This can be easily implemented in almost any condition and a tried and tested way of increasing security of a place. The weakness of this is that it is only a stay it cannot stop an ongoing offense unless a security personnel is watching the place. So, it is important that with good lighting, the profile of the area to other personnel is also ensured in the design consideration.Associated cost is low it includes the installation, electricity cost and maintenance such as replacement of bulbs and repairs. III. Security Operations Management. Chapter 10, Question 2 Why must security planners be involved early in facility design? What is the expected payoff from such involvement? Security planners must be involved early in facility design because if the physical and technology based security measures will be done after the structure is designed or built, it will disrupt the existing situation and may cause the employees to feel that the management is putting systems above people (Mc Crie, 2007 p. 285).Most of the effective security measures such as proper lighting need to be incorporate d in the design of facilities in order to incur lesser cost and to blend well with the over-all plan. However, well-designed and executed security measures may result to requirement of lesser number of security personnel. It will also gather support from the employees because at the very start of operations, the goal for a secured workplace is already established. References Brantingham, P. J. , Brantingham, P. L. (1981). environmental Criminology. Beverly Hills, CA Sage PublicationsMcCrie, R. (2007). Security Operations Management (2nd ed. ). Burlington, USA Elsevier Inc Nieto, M. (1997). Public Video Surveillance Is It An efficient Crime Prevention Tool? (CRB-97-0050). Sacramento, CA California Research Bureau. Retrieved May 16,2010, from http/www. library. ca. gov/CRB/97/05 Newman, O. (1972). Defensible set Crime Prevention through Urban Design. New York, NY Macmillan The Los Angeles Police Department. (2010). Crime Prevention Through environmental Design. Retrieved May 16, 20 10, http//www. lapdonline. org/prevent_crime/content_basic_view/7726

‘Mirror’ & double-layered poem Essay Example for Free

Mirror double-layered meter EssayMirror is a double-layered poem The reverberate, personified and furnished with senses, sees and depicts its world in the about honest terms then we see our own world from the chew overs perspectivehow raw and tormenting it is. Why the author chooses to personify a mirror as the poems narrator is firstly because it is an object most closely associated with a woman who seeks to see what she in reality is (11). When she is young, the mirror cheerfully reflects and praises her youthful beauty, letting her contemplate on her own air. When she is old, it cruelly reminds her of times meddling in her fading beauty and how life has passed and left her behind. Secondly, the mirror reflects the world just as it isit can non lie to usand faithfully shows us all signs of age, sorrow, pain and sickness that appear in our face. The tooth root of the poem is the effects of time reflected in the mirror, how it has drowned a young girl and makes a woman hold up an old woman. Adverbs depicting the motion of time are employed throughout the poem most of the time (6), so long (7), over and over (9), Now (10), Each morning (16), solar day afterwards day (18).The irony is deliberated in the difference between the mirrors reflection and cognition of changes in the outside world. The woman who looks at the mirror is sad because her beauty and youthfulness are fading date her tears and agitation are considered rewards by the mirror. In the first stanza, the mirror simply tries to define its worldly concern and introduce the reader to its world using its own language register. In the opening line, the mirror describes its appearance and unique quality, I am silver and exact. I have no preconception. (1).The word swallow demonstrates Plaths sensitivities and playfulness in her personification and imagery everything is instantly reflected inside the mirror as if the mirror has devoured them. Next, mirror immediately explains its non-dis criminatory behaviours as being truthful rather than cruel. In the last four lines of stanza 1, the mirror frankly describes its bounded world. Ironically, even though the mirror reflects everything truthfully and exactly with no preconceptions or prejudice, it seems to live in self-created illusions, that the opposite wall is a part of my heart.Line 8 presents the mirror with human characteristics, not the eye of a little god, four-cornered as it describes itself. Nevertheless, its world constantly collides with the world outside itour world it flickers. //Faces and lousiness separate us over and over. In the first stanza, the use of caesura in most of the sentences interrupts the flow of the poem but gives the mirror its own tone stressed and meditative. The enjambment between line 2 and 3 as well as between line 7 and 8 allow the mirror to reflect on itself naturally and coherently.In stanza 2, the mirror ironically creates another illusion, Now I am a lake (10), which is in tune with its claim to be only truthful. It proudly demonstrates its usefulness in share a woman to see what she really is. The images of the candles and moon (12) may symbolize fragility, inconstancy and instability which contrast with how faithfully it serves the woman (13). The connection between the mirror and the woman strengthens by day it is important to her and she brightens its existence. Nevertheless, its fortuitous cruelty is shown in its being only truthful (4).The simile like a terrible angle is consistent with the mirrors illusion that it is a lake but it shows Plaths grotesque and tormenting view of agingas a destructive and dehumanizing process. The poem is structured as narrative prose poetry, with the use of caesura to create an emphatic tone, to present the mirror as a misunderstood, proud and honest object. The mirror exactly and dutifully reflects what appears forrader it and considers the changes shown in it others doing and completely out of its power she drowned a young girl, and in me an old woman//Rises toward her day after day (17-18).

International Business in Emerging Markets Essay Example for Free

International Business in Emerging Markets EssayThe globular exchange of seat of government, secures and services also referred to as national art is the pre-dominant detonate of all economies. Advancement in time of transportation, transnational corporations, globalization and outsourcing practices provoke led to the product and immensity of internationalist occupation (Anderson et al, 1993). This spell outance accrues from the amount of revenue this trade generates. The importance of this trade is app bent in the amount of money, time, human and other resources that go into the planning of global trade affairs (Bhagwati, 1992). Entire ministries and budgets are dedicated to prepare transnational trade efforts. Memberships to regional trade bodies such(prenominal)(prenominal) as the European magnetic north receive higher introductoryity than political alliances piece of music negotiation of trade treaties takes more of the leaderships time (Dixit et al, 1980). In a ddition to political envoys, governments engage trade consuls in other nations (Mattli, 1999). It is thus fearful for a country to realize that her international trade position is not attaining the targets that would indicate prosperity.The UK is one of such whereby her deficit in goods and services has risen from 2. 2 to 3. 5 billion pounds surrounded by august and family 2009. The deficit with European Union countries widened in the same period. while that with non European countries replicated the downward trend. It is also inform that except for Oil and erratic commodities, the volume of exports in September was 0. 2 percent lower than the prior months with imports being higher by 4. 1 percent (ONS, 2009).This indicates an alarming trend which the concerned departments need to realize into. Perhaps the downturn is due to external factors that might be within r severally or not. nonetheless trade policy needs to be reviewed to check this spiral. This is especially to deal with identification of upstart global grocery stores that can be lend oneselfd to add to the export tally thereby reducing the deficit. A aspect at theories of trade can assist in identifying new markets and potential angles that can be work to correct the adverse situation.International Trade Theories at that place are two broad themes in theories of international trade. The qualitative theories explain a countrys trade patterns, that is which products are traded and why. Instances are absolute advantage and comparative advantage. There are also quantitative theories that explain the terms of trade for instance relative prices of exports and imports in the merchandise activities. Changes in data such as factor supplies, technology, trade policy and global trends also keep up in as quantitative themes.More essentially in these quantitative analyses, there is consistent use of the general equilibrium (Dixit et al, 1980). The Mercantilist Theory. This is a qualitative theme in international trade. It postulates that while exporting is good for a country, importing is to be avoided. This rationale is based on the assumption of fact that revenue from exports is in gold standard currency. Thus accumulation of sufficient gold reserves can only be achieved through high rates of export.Mercantilism argued for close government regulation for two reasons to maintain a favour qualified balance of trade thereby advancing aggressive export with restrictive import policies and to publicize the processing of raw materials at home instead of importing manufactured goods, which would distort production and betrothal at home. This is a classical mathematical action that ignores not only the benefits of importing but also the humans that no country is self sufficient thus a need to import is inherent.An example of practise is the Canadian Department of Foreign Affairs where Canadian traders have been informed that the Embassys mandate is to help exporters and non -disclosure of import relevant information. Absolute Advantage. Smiths Theory of Absolute Advantage stated that countries should concentrate on producing what they are best at that is products that they have absolute advantage in, Incentive to trade among countries is therefore created since each specializes in one product. Also as a classical theory, it is applicability is scant.In epitome Smiths theory stated that unilateral trade liberalisation would be an advantageous policy for a country to follow, disregarding of the trade policies pursued by other countries. A drawback in Smiths postulation is if a nation has no absolute advantage over any of her potential trading partners with respect to any goods or services, hence it means international trade is of no relevance to her (Dixit et al, 1980). Comparative Advantage Comparative advantage as developed by David Ricardo in his book, The Principles of Political Economy, is an improvement of the Absolute advantage theory.It declar es that countries can trade without absolute advantage. They need comparative advantage where the relative cost of producing and exporting a product varies between trade partners. There are still benefits even if one trading partner is absolutely bust in production. Comparative advantage has been the prevailing applied concept. It indicates that if two countries engage in trade, each willing have the incentive to increase production, and decrease consumption, of goods in which it has the lower relative marginal cost prior to trade than the others.For instance if Britain has competitive equilibrium prices of 300 pounds per TV set and 4 pounds per bottle of whisky, while Japan has corresponding prices of 100000 and 2000 yen respectively, then ceteris peribus, if Britain produces one TV less then she would be able to utilise the freed resources to produce another 75 bottles of whisky. Japan on the other hand is able to produce one more TV set by freeing redeploying resources used to produce 50 bottles of whisky. It is to their mutual interest to do so since the pre-trade, relative price of a TV set is 50 bottles of whisky in Japan and 75 similar bottles in Britain.This is an inducement to Japan to expand TV production for export to Britain and import whisky from her. Presumably the relative price after commencement of trade will settle at between 50 and 75. The Ricardian Model assumes technology variations between nations. The assumptions in summary are labor is the sole primary factor of production Labor has constant returns there is hold labor in respective economies Mobility of labor across industries rather than countries perfect competition situation.This theory has in modern times been reviewed to include negociate goods, that is, with child(p) goods for instance machinery thereby adjusting the labor only notion. These intermediate goods are tradable across countries in the current global situation (Dixit et al, 1980). Factors Endowment. Ricardos Compa rative advantage theory was limited by Heckscher-Ohlin Theorem, also the Factor Proportions Hypothesis. Here a country should export products that are produced using factors that it is comparatively well bestowed with. This is a separate theory but it also gives an explanation on the underlying factors as to comparative advantage.In each country, the factor that is relatively lush is relatively cheaper. Also the good that is relatively intensive in using this factor this is relatively cheaper. Thus a country is expected to have comparative advantage in products that are intensive in the use of factors that are relatively abundant in supply. The H-O model assumed inter sector factor mobility distinction between labour and capital intensive Factor variation between countries free trade and trans-country technology homogeneity. It however does not check trade in intermediate goods.It was later challenged by the work of Wasilly Leontief who discovered that The US exported less capita l intensive than it imported labour intensive products, also the Leontiefs paradox (Trebilcock et al, 2005). Contemporary Theories These include the particular proposition factors theory where in the short run mobility between industries in labor is possible and not possible in capital. It resembles a short run H-O model. If there is an increase in the price of a product then the owners of the factor specific to that product will profit in real terms the new trade theory seeks to cater for the fact deficiencies of the two main approaches.That a lot of trade occurs between countries with identical factor of production endowment and the high level of multinational production, or foreign coronation the Gravity model that proffers an empirical analysis of international trade trends rather than the theoretical approaches detailed. It projects trade patterns on the basis of the distance between the nations and their economic size interaction. It imitates the law of gravity that factors d istance and size. It considers factors such as levels of income, diplomatic ties and respective trade policy (Trebilcock et al, 2005).Emerging markets are nations described to be undergoing rapid growth and industrialisation in social and business activity. The concerned nations are usually said to be in a transition to fully developed status. Data on these countries has been compiled and a list of the top economics proffered. Examples of the dominant emerging economies are Brazil, Russia, India and China. They have been given the acronym, BRIC. Included are Latin American countries such as Argentina Asian countries such as South Korea Russia in Eastern Europe some(a) in the Middle East and parts of Africa for Instance South Africa.Lately though there have been shifts for instance Mexico has edged into the top four in terms of investment and development pushing forrad of Brazil. However China and India still dominate the list as the emerging markets with the best opportunities. As a factor of their GDP, population size, growth potential and level of imports (World Bank, 2000). These markets are characterised by robust economic growth, resulting in a rise in GDP and disposable income. Political and social stability is also an important indicator and condition for this categorisation.This implies that the population is able to purchase previously un-affordable goods and services . However quite a part of these countries population remain poor. International companies are presented with a large untapped market, providing them with an opportunity for market and financial growth. Luxury products such as high-end automobiles, designer clothing, and other Veblen goods benefit from such but it is every day luxuries such as cell phones and brand name food products that reap the most from these markets.

Macbeths path to evil Essay Example for Free

Macbeths path to evil EssayIn Macbeth, it is befool that Macbeth at the start of the defraud is a different person to Macbeth at the end of the play. During the course of the play, he changes a great deal, most obviously from a good and faithful thane of Scotland to a cruel and unpitying king. At the beginning of the play, he is at his noblest. He has shown great courage and loyalty brave Macbeth intumesce he deserves that name, and is considered a hero by Duncan, the king, for ending the rebellion in Scotland, and is metreght trustworthy O valiant cousin worthy gentleman He is a great warrior and superstar of the leaders of the Scots army like valours minion carvd out his passage. Yet he is ambitious, and this leads him to become a terrible king, moving from 1 act of violence to a nonher, seeing one threat after another, so killing conscience and pity.As he is king of Scotland, his evil floods Scotland, making it horribly unnatural and filled with idolise A falcon/Was by a mousing owl hawkd at and killd. However, at the end of the play he still shows that he has not lost his courage as he dies fighting Exeunt, fighting, but it is somewhat diminished and his fear has grown as earlier in the play he is scargond of the apparitions plainly no some(prenominal) sights Yet at the beginning of the play he fought a bloody and gruesome battle in which a single, detached, armoured head (the appearance of the first apparition) would not have been an uncommon sight.It could be utter that at the end of the play Macbeth is a villain, as Malcolm does this dead butcher, or that he is a tragic hero, as he fought, knowing that Macduff would kill him And thou opposd, being of no woman born, /Yet I go away try the last. In order to be a tragic hero however, he necessarily a tragic flaw. This could either be his competition, which causes him to be willingly swayed by the witches and risk everything, or it could be his courage, as he does not realise that courag e is sometimes the ability to say no. But Shakespeares audience would much than likely consider him bound for Hell, as he at no propose in the play subscribe tos for forgiveness. One of the beliefs on which Christianity is built is that no matter what people do on Earth, if they ask for forgiveness they will be forgiven by God, and Shakespeares audience would mostly have been made up of faithful Christians. No matter what people do to redeem themselves, God does not forgive them unless they ask to be.But this change from good to evil does not happen overnight. It is triggered at the beginning by the witches, who impart the play in the most unnatural of ways for a Shakespearian tragedy. The scene is very short, only if 12 lines long, and it is unnatural in every way possible. The three witches are supernatural beings you should be wo men, /And hitherto your beards forbid me to interpret/That you are so, the weather is unnatural and violent, even the incantatory poetry that Shak espeare gives them is unnatural, as no one else in the play ever speaks in the same way as they do. It is a prologue to the evil events that will occur throughout the play. They have planned out everything and know exactly what will happen when they put forward Macbeth that he will be king one day There to meet with Macbeth, All hail, Macbeth that shalt be King hereafter.Throughout the play, Macbeth tries to control the witches, more thanover he never can Speak, I charge you. Witches vanish, and he tries the same with the apparitions, and is scolded by the witches He knows thy thought /Hear his speech, but say thou nought. He does not realize that he cannot control either Fate or such unearthly creatures as the witches. besides throughout the play, the witches treat Macbeth as one of their own, and he does not realise that he finds them only because they pauperism him to Something wicked this way comes. /Open locks, /Whoever knocks. Shakespeare makes this comparison between the m in Macbeths very first line, by well-favoured him almost the exact same words as he gave the witches So foul and fair a day I have not seen.The witches are also significant to Shakespeares audience because there are three of them. There has always been an ancient superstition that the number three is a magical number, provided most of the Shakespearian audience would immediately associate it with the Holy third Father, Son, and Holy Ghost. In Macbeth this has been inverted, as so many other things are. Instead, there is an Infernal Trinity the three witches or a more elaborate one, made up of the witches, Macbeth, and chick Macbeth. Still, there could also be an incarnation of the Holy Trinity in Macbeth, represented by Macduff, Malcolm, and Banquo.Macbeths progression to evil is chiefly marked out by his soliloquies and the offs that he performs, or orders. He starts as a mighty and noble warrior, killing rebels for his King and country. Then, once his ambition has started to take over, he goes on to kill Duncan, an innocent, defenceless, old man Most sacrilegious murder hath skint ope/the Lords anointed temple. He puts much thought into this before performing the doing, debating with himself whether to do it or not Hes here in double trust/his host, /Who should against his murderer shut the door/Not bear the knife myself. And once he has performed the horrific deed, he regrets it bitterly Wake Duncan with thy knocking I would thou couldst His hesitation however, is not the hesitation of fear, as he has a terrible courage, but of an intimate, buried knowledge between decently and wrong. Then he goes on to kill Banquo, though not personally.He gives less thought to this deed There is none but he/Whose being I do fear and he does not regret the deed at all, yet is petrified of Banquos ghost at the coronation banquet. Banquo, when he is killed, knows what has transpired I fear, / molarity playdst most foully for t. He knows how Macbeth became king and that he killed Duncan, and also knows that he is behind his own murder O treachery Macbeth finally orders the murders of bird Macduff and her children give to the edge of the sword/His wife, his babes. While killing men was considered a great crime, killing a woman and her children was considered a much worse crime. This is done without abet thought and never regrets it at all he never mentions it to himself after it has occurred The very firstlings of my boob shall be/The firstlings of my hand.As he becomes increasingly evil, so Scotland becomes increasingly unnatural. This is most obviously shown when Banquo dies to save Fleance, a parent sacrificing himself for his childs demeanor, which is natural Fly, good Fleance, fly, fly, fly Later in the play however, it is clear that Scotland has become more unnatural as the Son dies in an attempt to save Lady Macduff, a child sacrificing himself for his parents life He has killd me, mother /Run away I pray you This is unnatural and fa ils, as both Lady Macduff and her Son die.Finally, another sign of Macbeths descent to evil is that he becomes more and more secluded. This is mainly shown by the increasing amount of soliloquies that Shakespeare gives him, but is also shown by his relationship with Lady Macbeth. At the beginning of the play they are a happy couple, who love each other intensely my dearest partner of greatness, yet as the play progresses, especially after Duncans murder, Macbeth separates himself from his wife, and once he is king, she must ask to see him formulate to the king, I would attend his leisure. All Macbeths deeds are consequently thought out by himself, unlike the murder of Duncan, in which Lady Macbeth did most of the thinking and planning Leave all the rest to me, and Macbeth keeps Lady Macbeth out of the murder of Banquo even when she asks him what he is planning Be innocent of the knowledge/Till thou applaud the deed.All of these points show how Macbeth becomes increasingly evil thr oughout the play, eventually becoming a much feared villain, or a tragic hero.

Riordan Manufacturing Staffing Strategies Essay Example for Free

Riordan Manufacturing Staffing Strategies EssayOne of the most knotty challenges an organization can face is the ability to find the right employees to do the job. A well unquestionable staffing strategy can help an organization eliminate problems before they start. A staffing strategy provides overall counseling on how an organization deals with staff. This can include how the organization identifies with new staff, the types of people the organization wants to staff, and how to retain them. one time this strategy is decided upon, the human resource department should build some policies and procedures to support the strategy. This paper give evaluate the recruitment and staffing strategies and the legality of the staffing strategies of Riordan Manufacturing.History of RiordanRiordan Manufacturing, Inc. is one of the industry leaders in the plastic gibe molding field. Founded by Dr. Michael Riordan, a chemistry professor, Riordan Manufacturing, Inc. is owned by Riordan In dustries which is considered to be a Fortune potassium company. The initial focus of the company was on research and development but expanded into the production of plastic beverage containers. The company has earned international acclaim for their innovative plastic designs. Riordan Manufacturing headquarters is located in San Jose, California where the research and development is done. The company also has plants in Georgia, Michigan, and China.Recruitment Strategies PamStaffing Strategies PamLegal Compliance TracyConclusion TracyReferencesRiordan Manufacturing. (2007). Virtual Organization. Retrieved on April 26, 2007from the World Wide Web athttps//ecampus.phoenix.edu/secure/aapd/CIST/VOP/Business/Riordan/RioMfgH ome002.htm

Contract Laws In China and America Essay Example for Free

puzzle Laws In China and the States EssayI.Concepts and Features of sterilise out and Contr wreak Law I.Concepts A.Concept and Features of drive 1. Concept of get According to the provision of Article 2 of the Contract Law of Peoples body politic of China (hereinafter referred to as Contract Law), gouge is the chthonicstanding in which natural psyches, takingsive persons or smart(prenominal) organizations with extend to military position decl be a parkland intention to establish, bowdlerise and kibosh elegantianised right(a)s and obligations. Contract was once divided into compact and pay off. Agreement refers to the tapeous intelligent act realized by both parties consensus with regard to opposite intentions, much(prenominal) as gross revenue agreement. Contract refers to the polished sancti superstard act established by cardinal or above three parties consensus with regard to col afterwardal intentions, such(prenominal) as partnership ask. Howe ver, such division target no longer be seen in our incumbent uprightnessfulnesss and the cardinal argon collectively referred to as cartel.Contract has its great and finalize meanings. In the broad sense, exact refers to every(prenominal) agreements generating rights and obligations, such as labor distill, administrative quash, civil pick out, etcetera Furtherto a greater extent, civil take aim may as well as be divided into creditors right ingest, real right consume, intellectual property obligation, indistinguishability squeeze, in the flesh(predicate)ity right nonplus, etc. In the delimit sense, compact refers to the agreement for involved parties with equal billet to establish, alter and/or terminate civil rights and obligations. The snub adjusted by the centre natural legal philosophy is in the main restrain to the contract of creditors right, real right and/or intellectual property, etc. 2. Features of Contract It can be seen from the nonion of contract contract is the agreement in which natural persons, legal persons or other organizations with equal status decl be a plebeian intention to establish, alter and terminate civil rights and obligations that, contract has the following legal suffers Contract is a kind of civil legal act implemented by natural persons, legal persons and/or other organizations with equal status.As the more or less important legal item, civil legal act is the practice of impartialityful act implemented by civil subjects, which can generate, alter or terminate civil right and obligations. Since contract is a kind of civil legal act, it is different from fact behavior in temper. Fact behavior refers to the act which does non take the declaration of intention as an essential condition and cannot generate the legal effect expected by the ships comp whatever involved, such as infringing act, picking up lost property, etc. In nature, contract as the civil legal act belongs to natural impar tialityful act.That is to say, only under the circumstance that the declaration of intention made by the contracting parties is faithfulnessful, the contract is legally binding and defend by national truths. On the contrary, in case contracting parties move in illicit declaration of intention, the agreement, even already reached, may not impart the effect as a contract. As contract is a kind of civil legal act, command regulations of civil legalityfulness concerning civil legal acts, such as essential condition of civil legal act, the ineffectiveness and invalidation of civil act, be all relevant to contract. 3Contract is the civil legal act in which two or more parties declare a common intention. The establishment of a contract shall have two or more parties who declare intention to each other and achieve a consensus. If such tell intentions are not consistent, no contract allow for be manakined. Even though one party cheats or threats or take advantage of the other p artys precarious situation to manipulate such other party to conclude a contract which violates its real intention, the party wo(e) insurance is entitled to request peoples greet or arbitration agency to alter or revoke the contract (Article 54.2 of the Contract Law. For similar notes cited in the following text, Contract Law depart be omitted).Contract is the civil legal act with a view to establishing, mend and terminating civil rights and obligations. Establishing civil rights and obligations refers to that after parties involved conclude the contract pursuant to the faithfulness, civil rights and obligations thus emerge between altering civil rights and obligations refers to that after parties involved conclude the contract pursuant to the law, the previous civil rights and obligations between them is changed and new civil rights and obligations are fashioned terminating civil rights and obligations refers to that after parties involved conclude the contract pursuant to the law, the civil rights and obligations previously existing between them are abolished. Contract is a civil legal notificationship generated on an equal and voluntary basis by parties involved. That is to say, the subjects concluding the contract have equal legal status and no party may impose its will on the other party.Parties of a contract have equal legal status and one party may not impose its will on the other party (Article 3) Parties have the right to conclude a contract voluntarily according to law and no unit or private may intervene illegally (Article 4). Contract is the civil legal act which is legally binding. The contract concluded according to law is legally binding upon parties involved. Parties shall perform their obligations as agreed and may not alter or terminate the contract with no consent The contract concluded according to law is protected by law (Article 8). Unless otherwise specified by law such as force majeure, the party who fails to perform the con tract or whose performance of obligations does not align to that prescribed in the contract shall assume the liabilities for breach of the contract to continue to perform the contract, adopt bettering measures or compensate injuryes.B. Concept and Features of Contract Law 1. Concept of Contract Law universally speaking, the concept of contract law may be comprehended in the broad and narrow sense. In the narrow sense, given contract is the consensus of parties to the contract in nature, contract law is deemed as the law implementing the promise and agreement of parties involved. The core of contract law is the exchange of promise. However, the concept of contract law in the narrow sense confines the contract law to normalizing the establishment, effectiveness, performance and default indebtedness of the contract, simply excluding the non-establishment, ineffectiveness and revocation thereof.Therefore, the background signal contained is not comprehensive. Just as Bayless stated , The contract law pays attention not only to enforceable contracts and agreements, moreover to adjusting the firmness of purpose of no contract or agreement concluded. Therefore, the concept of contract law in the narrow sense is not suitable to apply. The concept of contract law in the broad sense proceeds from the object normalized thereby, namely the exploit relation, and defines the contract law as the law relating to the individual transfer of property or labor service. Most scholars in our realm also get word that contract law is the law adjusting the dynamic property relations.Both contract law and real right law adjust the property relations, however, the real right law stipulates and adjusts the static state of property relation while the contract law stipulates and adjusts the dynamic state of property relation. Given that the contract law comprehensively adjusts the deed relation and the establishment of a contract equals to the formation of a transaction, the per formance, alteration, cancellation and termination of the contract constitute the transaction process. Consequently, its necessary for the contract law to stipulate the procedures to conclude the contract by parties involved, ineffectiveness and revocation of the contract, remedies upon the failure or part failure to perform the contract, various specific contracts, etc. In a word, any and all transaction relations may be adjusted by the contract law. The definition of contract law as the law adjusting the transaction relation precisely summarizes the nature and functions of the contract law.2. Features of Contract Law The contract law takes adjusting the transaction relation as its field of study and is applicable to various civil contracts, which determines the contract law has the features different from those in other departments of civil law (such as personality right law). These features are Contract law has strong randomicity. Under the condition of securities industry thri ftiness, the transaction breeding and property growth withdraw the market subjects to be independent and fully express their wills. Laws shall convey broad space for the transaction activities of market subject and the intervention of goernment in economic activities shall be limited to the extent prescribed in the contract. The requirements put forward by the market parsimoniousness against the law which endow parties with freedom to act as far as possible are thoroughly verbalized in the contract. Therefore, the contract law mainly regulates the transaction through random norms rather than mandatory norms.For example, though the contract law stipulates various contracts with certain titles, it does not necessarily require parties to design the contract content precisely in accordance with the provisions prescribed in law concerning the contract with certain title, but parties may negotiate to determine the contract articles freely. As long as the articles negotiated by part ies dont violate the prohibitive regulations of laws, kindly popular interest or public morality, the effect of the contract is acknowledge by law. Notwithstanding law stipulates the contracts with certain titles, parties are not prohibited from creating new contract forms. Although the form to establish a contract is stipulated by law, unless otherwise specially prescribed about the contract form, parties are allowed to freely choose the contract form in principle. In short, a majority of norms of the contract law may be altered by parties through agreements.The contract law also takes the freedom of contract as its prefatory principle therefore, the contract law can be called as law at will in this connection. Contract law emphasized the principle of address on an equal foundation and compensation of equal value The object normalized by the contract law is transaction relation, which requires the principle of consultation on an equal footing and compensation of equal value in nature. Just as Marx indicated, the good is equal by nature. In the exchange of commodities, only the owners of commodities with equal status stand at opposite sides, and the means of occupying others commodities may only be utilize to alienate their own commodities.The exchange of commodities of necessity requires conforming to the law of value so as to carry out the exchange of equivalent labor, which determines that the contract law attaches more importance to the principle of consultation on an equal footing and compensation of equal value than other laws of civil law. Contract law is a uniform property law. Market sparing is an open economy, which demands for the integration of domestic market with international market, domestic trade and international trade. As the radical law of the market economy, the contract law should not only reflect the requirements for a uniform market with a set of uniform rules, but also integrate with international conventions. Contract law is the law producing social wealth. Market economy is a developed credit economy, with all credit placements established on the basis of contract relations. A developed credit economy needs promise and agreement.At the alike time, the more solid and universal the promise and agreement are, the more developed the credit economy is. II. compare of Development History and Textural Difference between Chinese and American Contract Laws A. Different Development Histories of Contract Legal Systems in China and US 1. Emergence of Contract and Contract Law Contract is the result of commodity economy, which emerges along with the emergence of commodity economy and develops along with the discipline of commodity economy. The contract law is accompanied with the emergence and development of the contract.In later accomplishment of clan society, due to the emergence and accrual of private property, the exchange of products among people was becoming increasingly extensive and certain rules cam e into shape gradually. In the beginning, these rules were guaranteed by oaths, customs and other ways. When the oaths, customs and other ways were incapable to guarantee the implementation of trading rules, the social community emerging as the propagation required (organ of state power) thus formulated legal norms to extinguish the foregoing. The earliest contract law of human society was developed from customs, so its called as accustomed law. However, the continuous development of society, especially the development and change of social imbalance, made the customs different in various regions and groups, which resulted in customs here and now being inconsistent with those there and and so, thus ahead(p) to transaction disputes.This determined that the written law would gradually substitute the customary law. The law of Hammurabi promulgated by ancient Babylonian Empire in the 18th coke BC is the most ancient and most well-preserved written law discovered so far in the whol e world, which has 282 articles in total, among which over 120 stipulates contract norms directly. The Twelve Tables and Corpus Juris Civilis promulgated by ancient Rome have more complete legal norms about contract, acting as the most complete and typical law reflecting the ware and exchange of commodities among ancient laws and playacting an important role in the legislation of capitalist countries in later ages. The French Civil reckon in 1804 was based on Roman law.The civil laws in European countries, except Britain, mostly originated from Roman law and formed the so-called Roman Law System. along with the colonial expansion of these countries, the continue of Roman law was further extended to more regions of the world. After the number World War, the contract law of early raw period was properly modified to become the modern contract law. 2. Development History of Chinas Contract Law The ancient laws in our country had some regulations about the contract. According to th e records of Rites of Zhou, there appeared written contracts such as panshu (bamboo or wooden slips on which the texts of borrow and loan are written), zhiji (sales contract), fubie (borrow and loan contract) in Zhou Dynasty. Where any party asks for the government assurance to deal with any dispute arising from debt borrow and loan, the case may only be accepted with the panshu previously concluded present.Where any dispute arises from a borrow and loan contract, the official in accusation of trying such dispute should exculpate a head according to the articles specified in fubie. Where any dispute arises from a sales contract, the official in charge of trying such dispute should make an award according to the articles specified in zhiji. all(prenominal) these written contracts were main basis for government government to judge right and equipment casualty and determine the debt liabilities. In the following dynasties of Qin, Han, Sui, Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing, laws h ad several regulations about contract and contract system. However, in ancient times, our country was evermore with the agricultural economy which was self-sufficient and self-supporting, and the commodity economy was not developed. As a result, the norms of contract law centering on trading rules was also not developed, with no specialized civil code.Even in the collection of various laws such as Tang Code and Great Qing Legal Code, articles pertaining to contract and contract system are also rarely seen. Since the founding of the Peoples Republic of China, the contract law of our country has achieved significant development. In the initial stage of new China, the Financial and frugal citizens committee of the Government Administration Council under Central Peoples Government promulgated the meanwhile Measures for Organs, State-owned Enterprises and Cooperative societies to Conclude Contracts or Agreements on September 27, 1950, and the Trade Department formulated the Decision Pertaining to badly Concluding Contracts and Strictly ImplementingContracts as well as the norms relating to various specific contracts such as sales contract and contract labor agreement of capital construction in the same year, all of which turn back the legal norms of contract system and contract in the new China. Needless to say, due to the impact of wrong course and wrong trend of thought, the legal nihilism was rampant and the contract system was once cancel in late 50s. Especially in the period of the Great Cultural Revolution, all the contract systems, relevant laws and regulations were discarded. In the ordinal Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Party, the wrong constitution of taking the class struggle as the outline was abandoned, the focus of work of the Party and the nation was shifted to maturation economy, and the strategic decision of reform and opening up to the outside world was made in the session. All of these opened up a promising pro spect for the development of contract legislation.The economical Contract Law, Economic Contract Law Involving Foreign Interest and Technology Contract Law were successively authorized by the Standing Committee of the study Peoples copulation on December 13, 1981, March 21, 1985 and June 23, 1987. It is especially worth mentioning that the General Principles of the Civil Law approved in the Fourth Session of the Sixth matter Peoples Congress explicitly regulates the system of civil rights and the system of civil liabilities, playing a very important role in perfecting the system of contract laws in our country. Through more than a decades legislation, our country has formed the legal system of contract laws which is guided by the General Principles of the Civil Law, backboned with Economic Contract Law, Economic Contract Law Involving Foreign Interest and Technology Contract Law, and based on the contract norms in specialized laws such as Maritime Law, Civil atmosphere Law and Copyright Law and a set of administrative laws and regulations normalizing contracts.All these laws have greatly promoted the economic development and the establishment and development of socialist market economy in our country. However, along with the establishment and development of socialist market economy, this legal system gradually presented new defects. In order to adapt to the requirements of economic construction and development, its necessary to proceed from the actual situations of our country, summarize the experience of ten years contract legislation and borrow general international practices to formulate a uniform and relatively complete contract law.On October 1993, the Commission of Legislative Affairs of the Standing Committee of the National Peoples Congress embarked on drafting the contract law on the basis of the legislation program approved in the Eighth Standing Committee of the National Peoples Congress. According to the advice from all sources, the Standing Committee of the National Peoples Congress further modified the draft for many times to form the Contract Law of Peoples Republic of China (Draft) and submitted it to the Second Session of the Ninth National Peoples Congress for deliberation. Through serious and earnest deliberation by peoples representatives, this important law was finally approved on March 15, 1999, which is a glorious page in the legislation memorial of the Republic, marking that the legislation of our countrys socialist market economy is ushering a new phase.3. Development History of American Contract LawAs a whole, the American laws are developed on the basis of inheriting British laws. Although American laws are influenced by British laws at different levels in different fields, the contract rules formed in the British common law and candour law have a significant impact on American contract law. Therefore, when investigating the diachronic evolution of American contract law, its necessary to review the ear ly development history of British contract law. a. Lawsuit of Promise in Early Britain In the medieval period, British law had not formed the concept of contract. The earliest to emerge was the so-called lawsuit of promise, namely, when the promiser violated his/her promise, the promisee cogency burden a lawsuit with the mash to force the promisor to implement the promise. The principle pursued by common court when trying such lawsuit was only making a promise cannot generate a right of action under normal conditions, promise doesnt have the effect of compulsory execution, olympian situations excluded. In contrast to the practice of common court as mentioned above, other courts showed more active military strength towards accepting the lawsuit of promise.First of all, ecclesiastical court regarded the promise with oath as an irreversible one according to canon law and rendered the implementation. Secondly, in the court of equity, the Chancellor decided that since one party suf fered loss because of the other party failure to perform his/her promise, such party shall obtain the compensation. However, till the 16th century AD, common court won the battle with the court of equity and ecclesiastical court striving for jurisdiction. In this process, the jurisdiction of common court was increasingly enlarged and the common law became the main part of British law. The opportunity for the contract law to develop through the judgments of ecclesiastical court and court of equity was always limited. From the 15th to the 16th century, along with the development of the relations of commodity production within the feudal society, to develop a kind of general basis for enforceable promise within the previous lawsuit procedures of common law was the urgent task to be resolved which was confronted by common court.At the beginning, common court just confirmed more exceptional situations under which the promise may be executed compulsorily. However, this didnt change the b asic principle that promise doesnt have the effect of compulsory execution under normal conditions. Since the guerilla half of the 12th century, common court started to confirm the enforceable effect of certain(a) covenant, which was a kind of written promise with a blockade on. Some people considered, if common court could loosen its requirements about the form of this written document, such document may also be mandatorily executed even with no seal on.The existence of such covenant might become the general basis of the compulsory execution of promise, while till the 14th century, this possibility disappeared. Common court considered, the seal not only proved that one party had already made a promise, but also indicated that the promisor had seriously expressed that he/she would perform the promise for the promisee. Therefore, a covenant which was not crocked couldnt be compulsorily executed. At the end of the 12th century, common court started to confirm the debt of a borrow and loan relation as the cause of action In case one person borrowed an amount of money from another person, the borrower should pay back the money to the lender. If not, the lender might file a lawsuit with the court to force the borrower to pay back money. Later on, common court further spread out the scope of lawsuit of debt repayment one time a person granted a kind of fabric interest to another person, such person might lodge a lawsuit of debt repayment against the latter(prenominal) one, no matter the interest provided was a valuable thing or personal service.However, the existence of such debt also didnt become the general basis of the compulsory execution of promise for this debt was only confined to the interest which was already granted to others. If a promisee just accepted a promise from the promisor while obtained no actual interest from the promisor, he still couldnt lodge a lawsuit of debt repayment. In the beginning of the 15th century, common court developed such a principle in its judgment If someone made a promise of undertaking some kind of obligation to another one, and the promisee suffered damages in the process of the promisors performance of the obligation, the promisee might lodge a lawsuit to require the promisor to compensate. This is called the Action of Assumpsit for Misfeasance, whose basis was the theory of law of torts then already approved.In this kind of lawsuit, if the promisor didnt perform the obligation it undertook, the promisee couldnt obtain the remedy. In the second half of the 15th century, the decide of common court realized that, in order to win the battle for jurisdiction with other courts, the scope of lawsuit of commitment must be expanded. New legal precedent rule in this period was If the promisor changed his status due to his dependence on the promise and the non-performance of the promisor made the promisee suffer damages, the promisee might also obtain the remedy. Till the 16th century, the previous sco pe of lawsuit of commitment was newly expanded, namely, when two persons made promises to each other and the promise of one party constituted the transaction object promised by the other person, even if no party of the two performed his obligation, the promise to be carried out shall have the effect of compulsory execution.The reason to adopt such rule was that, once the promise was made, the promisee has an expectation for the implementation of the promise, which should be protected, even if the promisee didnt perform the corresponding obligation, nor suffered damages. Generally speaking, the 17th and the 18th centuries were the period during which British contract law slowly developed. b. Evolution of American Contract Law in Modern Society The American historian Henry Maine said in 1861 that, till now, the movement of this developing society has always been a movement from identity to contract. This sentence indicates the profound revolution undergone by western society from the feudal times of middle ages to the times of laissez-faire capitalism In the feudal society, human relation was determined by their identity in the period of laissez-faire capitalism, human relation was determined by the agreement reached between them. The whole nineteenth century is regarded as the century of contract by western historians.The coupled States, just independent from the colonial domination of the Great Britain, entered in such a century concisely after its establishment. In this period, main systems of British and American contract laws were both confirmed. With regard to the main body, American contract law remained consistent with British contract law. In this period, the consistency of American contract law with that of western countries was The contract concluded by parties involved was generally considered as having the effect of compulsory execution. Once confirmed, such effect shall become absolute, and may not be changed by state will. In the second half of the 19th century, as the laissez-faire economy developed toward an extreme orientation, to resistance individuals right to freely conclude contracts had become the primary goal of laws. In the eyes of Americans at that time, in nature, justice is to safeguard lawful contracts.The freedom of contract in the 19th century gave a full display of personal independent will and made private economy taking the struggle for existence as the pauperism power obtain rapid development with no government restraint and intervention. However, in late 19th century and early 20th century, the defects caused by this unlimited freedom of contract had fully appeared. In this period, contract laws of western countries underwent a new round of modification. The result was, the previous social movement from identity to contract started to turn to the social movement from contract to identity. In the US, since this century, especially since the Roosevelts New have a go at it in the 30s, personal freedom of contract has received more and more restrictions.Today, the identity is playing an important role in determining the relation of rights and obligations among people for the second time Workers are protected by workers compensation law due to their identity, and the article of employment contract preventing the employer from undertaking the compensation liability for industrial accidents is no longer legally binding. Similarly, the lessee of rental agreement, the insurer of insurance contract and the demanders of various contracts of public service are all protected by certain laws due to their special identities. It can be seen from the aforementioned change that, in modern American contract law, to provide special legal justification for the vulnerable party of a transaction has already become a consistent policy.Another feature displayed by American contract law in the process of its modern development and evolution is that, the impact of traditional British common law and sys tems and principles of other laws is decreasing, which is fully reflected from the fact that the Uniform Commercial Code abandoned and modified the traditional system of British contract law. B. Textual Difference and its Reasons between Chinese and American Contract Law Systems Given the development history of contract and the difference between Chinese and American policy-making systems, there are following features when comparing Chinese contract law with American contract law First, the contract law in our country is a uniform contract law applicable to all regions of China, whether in capital Beijing or western provinces. Second, this contract law is drafted with a round axis structure.Basic principlesare firstly stipulated, and then some specific contracts, such as sales contract, lease contract, etc. In this way, the basic principles are regarded as the axis, and many specific contracts are radiated to satisfy different transaction requirements. For example, the transport c ontract has the problem which cannot be covered by basic principles. This problem can be resolved by combining the axis and the excircle. American political system is different from Chinese political system, and the development history of American contract law is also different. In America, its impossible for the legislative body to approve a law with the two features as mentioned above. America has no uniform contract law, nor state contract law. The international contract laws, such as the linked Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) and New York Arbitration Treaty are commonly used in all used in the whole United States.However, with regard to the contract among American individuals, no law is promulgated by the federation. Consequently, there is no federal legislation with a round axis structure in America. Basically, each state has its own contract law and is responsible for developing basic principles of such law. The contract law of one s tate is not only applicable to the court of the state, but also binding on the federal court sometimes. In other words, as long as the state contract law exists, the federal court shall apply it. Of course, when 50 different contract laws are adjusting the same legal fact, the court will be confronted with a problem, namely, how to achieve the consistency of application of law? Its also necessary to notice that American contract law is developed by the court rather than the legislative organ. You must be familiar with the concept of common law, which was formed in Britain and then introduced to America. The contract concept of the common law is formed through a long time. Their judges make the judgment and give opinions on the judgment.Now, in this connection, the greatest exception is the UCC. American UCC is a uniform law. In America, every state has its own laws, but these laws cannot cover all transactions. Some are involved with transaction of several properties, such as the tr ansaction and lease of products and some are related to bank business, protective cover trading, e-commerce, etc. However, the construction contract and real estate contract are adjusted by commercial-grade law. Since different state laws may result in different court judgments, if the Congress can approve a law with the round axis structure, these problems will be soon resolved, because doing that can get all transactions under the adjustment of one law.C. Summary The development histories of Chinese and American contract law systems are different. Chinese culture has a long history and the contract law system was natural very early. On the contrary, the US is a new country breaking away from the colonization. Although American economy is developing rapidly, its legal systems are mainly inherited from the Britain especially the American contract law is importantly influenced by the contract rules formed in Britain common law and equity law. In short, China has a uniform contract law applicable to the whole nation, while America has no uniform contract code other than international contract laws.In addition, the difference of Chinese and American political systems leads to a great difference in the textural structures of Chinese and American contract law systems Chinese contract law system is based on basic principles which guides various specific contract law systems so as to form a complete set, while America has neither guidance of basic principles in the contract law nor uniform contract law applicable to the whole nation. All in all, the development history and political system of a country influence its legal system. III. Conclusion The economic globalization and political polarization are two trends of the world development. Since China has joined the WTO, how to coordinate our laws is the central issue in the field of law. Nowadays, the world has ushered in the era of knowledge economy and the advancement of science and technology is essential to th e economic development.However, the development of economy as well as the development, transfer and application of technology will inevitably require reforming the traditional contract law system. Some countries have already been reforming the current contract law systems quietly. The birth of Chinas new Contract Law is confronted with the era of knowledge economy rather than that of planned economy or the transitional period from planned economy to market economy. The development of science and technology in the era of knowledge economy is so vigorous that its verisimilar that difficulties in application will soon emerge after the implementation of new contract law, or even some regulations are already outdated. This situation may be considered as normal because law is the superstructure, which is always behind the economic development. Therefore, any law has to be continuously reformed and perfected.Bibliography1. http//legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com 2. Wilmot et al, 2009 , Contract Law, Third Edition, Oxford University Press 3. Ewan McKendrick, Contract Law Text, Cases and Materials (2005) Oxford University Press 4. P.S. Atiyah, The Rise and Fall of Freedom of Contract (1979) Clarendon Press 5. randy E. Barnett, Contracts (2003) Aspen Publishers 6. Scott Fruehwald, Reciprocal Altruism as the Basis for Contract, 47 University of Louisville Law Review 489 (2009).