Psychodynamic vs Behaviourist Theory

Psychology is not just philosophical supposition and reasoning over the years it has evolved and it is now alike recognised as a science, to run across what psychology is all ab unwrap it is necessary to cut its origins and the theorist who brought it out of obscurity, Sigmund Freud. He developed the Psychodynamic or psychoanalytic perspective to en fitting better understanding of piece behavior these concepts pull up stakes be discussed further later in this study.After Freud opened the introduction other(a) perspectives and shape upes have been developed, now with 5 main beas of psychology Cognitive, conductistic, Biopsychology and improver approaches. For a comparison with the Psychodynamic scheme, Behaviourist Theory leave be discussed. Psychodynamic surmisal is referred to in psychological literature more than any other. This is the stereotypical psychology looking into your past, discovering hidden desires, rummaging through the un awargon.It is the just about radical of the five theories, and by far the most criticised accused of being sexist, seeing the human state as ill, and considering sex and hostility as the only motivation for human actions. However, this theory has proven to be maven of the most influential pull backs in the twentieth century. Sigmund Freud opined that humankind atomic number 18 driven from give up by dickens innate instincts Eros the life instinct the self-preserving and erotic instinct and death wish the death instinct the self destructive, aggression and cruelty instinct.These ar controlled by a free floating sexual energy, the libido and is seen to be the single most important motivating force in adult life, driven from birth to enhance bodily enjoyment. T present is a lot more to the judgment than meets the eye, much like an iceberg only the very tip is showing. He is the one who came up with the concept of ones unconscious the part of the mind where desires and memories are stored, unrecognised, only hinted at through dreams or slips of the tongue or the Freudian slip as it is more widely know.Rallying between the conscious and unconscious are the id, ego, and superego separate and conflicting forces, requiring a balance for intellectual health and normal behaviour. The id is a somebodys animal force, their need to satisfy sanctioned psychological needs. The superego is the ideal force, the civilised, competent figure the person strives to be. The ego sort of regulates the two, charge the id satisfied while staying within the guidelines of the superego. The strength of each individual force is a factor in personality if a persons superego is too strong, they are seen as rigid and guilty.If a persons id is too strong, they are seen as derelict and antisocial (Boeree, 2000). The psychodynamic theory also established the idea that what happens in a persons tikehood is one of the most important factors in personality development, particularly traumatic exp eriences. The theory states that children who go through such things repress their memories, and this is the case of adulthood mental disease. In order to further understand how personalities are shaped during childhood, Freud thought up the psychosexual salutes.This shows the development of the id and the establishment of pleasure-sensitive areas kn testify as erogenous zones. This also brings about the idea of fixations. Such things are developed in the Oral st duration of a childs development from birth to eighteen months where the mouth is the source of nutrition and pleasure an example of this is seen in a nursing infant and if deprived of nourishment will fixate their pleasure seeking energies on this stage, the need to constantly stimulate the mouth through smoking, biting and chewing.The next is the Anal stage between eighteen and thirty-six months focus on bladder and cast elimination and is seen as a source of pleasure when the child is able to control them, this is wh y toilet training usually happens nearly this age and if not mastered an adult would be seen to be anal expulsive or anal retentive. Phallic stage between age three and five years where sexual energy is focus on the genitals. Oedipus and Electra complex in which the child unconsciously wishes to posses the upgrade of the opposite sex and rid themselves of the parent of the same sex.The result of this desire in boys would experience castration dread which would drive them to identify with their fathers. If there is no male figure in this stage of a childs development it is thought that the child will have problems with authority figures later in life as he has never had the chance to conclude this stage. Freuds explanation for the womanly development claiming that they would experience penis envy (a realisation they do not have a penis) they would eventually overcome by achieving motherhood and having their own baby.Latency stage from six years through puberty here the child wil l develop their confidence and mastery of the world around them. He believed that during this stage their experiences and excitations of previous stages are repressed and children develop childish amnesia being unable to remember much of their earlier years. The venereal stage from twelve years upwards to adulthood is the culmination of the psychosexual development and the fixing of sexual energy in the genitals.This eventually directs humans towards sexual inter seam and the beginnings of the next cycle of life (Breger, 2009). John Watson a theorist who rejected the idea of introspection and every part of the psychodynamic theory, suggested the Behaviourist view is an objective, experimental branch of natural science who are elicit in prediction and control of behaviour, most of the early research was carried out on animals before moving onto humans.This is an approach that believes heap are innate(p) Tabula rasa literally meaning blank slate, that all human behaviour is infinit ely plastic and therefore is ultimately explainable in basis of the experiences that an being goes through rather than any genetic predisposition of characteristics that the organism possesses. The relationship between the environment and the organism is seen as a back-to-back line, in that the organisms act on their environment, which in turn provides observes and punishments to determine the early probability of a response occurring.Behaviours are acquired or learned in one of two main ways, these are classical conditioning and operant conditioning. Examples of classical conditioning applied to real life are things like, orientation aversion, learned emotions, advertising and development of phobias. Use of operant conditioning is referred to as behaviour modification such as in a classroom or therapy settings (Wyman, 2005). Watson suggests that children have three basic emotions, fear, rage and love and try to prove that these emotions could be artificially conditioned.The e xperiment of Little Albert is his most illustrious and controversial experiment, Watson and a graduate assistant named Rosalie Rayner conditioned a mild child to fear a white rat. They accomplished this by repeatedly pairing the white rat with a loud, frightening clanging noise. They were also able to demonstrate that this fear could be generalized to other white, hirsute objects. The ethics of the experiment are often criticized today, especially because the childs fear was never deconditioned. Another example of classical conditionning is Ian Pavlov Dogs, in this experiment he noted that dogs would salivate before the delivery of food.In a series of long-familiar experiments, he presented a variety of stimuli before the presentation of food, eventually decision that, after repeated association, a dog would salivate (response) to the presence of a stimulant (noise) other than food (Bitterman, 2006). The most influential of all behaviourists is B F skinner he is famous for his research on operant conditioning and negative reinforcement. He developed a device called the accumulative recorder which showed rates of responding as a sloped line. Using this device, he found that behaviour did not depend on the preceding stimulus as Watson and Pavlov maintained.Instead, Skinner found that behaviours were dependent upon what happens after the response, therefore, using commanding and negative reinforcement responses can be conditioned to a stimulus, those that are rewarded will increase and those that are not will decrease (Rubin, 2003). not unlike other perspectives Behaviourism has gone through many transformations in the years since is conception by John Watson, one of the recent extensions in this approach has been the development of Social Learning theory. This theory is most pertinent to criminology.Bandura suggests that we learn through observation, imitation and modelling of a meaning(a) other, people learn through the outcome of those behaviours and later a person will form an idea which serves as a guide for action. A significant other could be someone one aspires to become, not necessarily family, it could be someone famous for instance. If a person sees another being rewarded or punished for a certain behaviour they may or may not copy that behaviour, what is seen as a punishment or reward for one person may not be for another.However, if it is a person they aspire to be children in particular tend to emulate this behaviour either good or bad. Part of this study was the Bobo doll experiment, he demonstrated that children learn and imitate behaviours they have discover in other people. The children observed an adult acting violently toward a Bobo doll. When the children were later allowed to put-on in a room with the Bobo doll, they began to imitate the aggressive actions they had previously observed (Green, 2003).Psychology has changed its face over the many years since Freud first introduced the psychodynamic theory putt ing forward a different way of trying to understand why people behave the way they do, moving onto the Behaviourist approach which completely refutes Freuds theory by refusing to accept that people are born with natural innate instincts and that consciousness is the subject matter of psychology, who believe that psychology is about behaviour and activities and that the consciousness is not definable.They leave a huge gaping whole in their theory relating to perception, sensations, memories and imagination. Whereas Freud simply focused on his masculinity and the inferiority of the female population, although he can be forgiven for this as his theory came about in the Victorian era and this theory was a major breakthrough in history and is still one of the biggest thinkers and without whom psychologists and the like would not know as much about ourselves as people do. ReferencesBreger, L. (2009). From Instinct to Identity The Development of Personality. 1st ed. New tee shirt Transact ion Publishers. 1-18. Grieve, K. (2006). A students A-Z of Psychology. 1st ed. California Juta Academic. Hayes, N. (1993). A first course in Psychology. 12th ed. Cheltenham Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd. Bitterman, M. (2006). Classical Conditioning since Pavlov. Review of common Psychology. 10 (4), 365-375. Wyman, R. (2005). Experimental anaylasis of nature-nurture interactions. JEZ. 03A (6), 415-421. Boeree, G. (2000). Freud and Psychoanalysis. Available http//webspace. ship. edu/cgboer/psychoanalysis. htmlJohann_Reil. Last accessed 10 November 2010 Geen, C. (2003). transmittance of aggression through immitation of aggressive models. Available http//psychclassics. asu. edu/Bandura/bobo. htm. Last accessed 10 Nov 2010. Rubin, J. (2003). From Pavlov to Skinner Box. Available http//www. juliantrubin. com/bigten/skinnerbox. html. Last accessed 10 November 2010